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Cloud, edge & spatial computing, and internet of things (IoT)
1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. January
1.1.1. North America
1.1.1.1. United States of America

• KPMG, Regulations regarding digital content and cloud transactions - KPMG analysis and observations, January 2025, accessible here; 

1.2. March
1.2.1. International

• Hollie Hennessy, Consumer loT Device Cybersecurity Standards, Policies, and Certification Schemes 2025, Omdia, March 2025, accessible here; 

• Wevolver & Edge AI Foundation, The 2025 Edge AI Technology Report - The guide to understanding the current state of the art in hardware & software for Edge AI, March 2025, accessible here; 

1.3. June
1.3.1. International

• Zhi-Min Wang et al., "Towards spatial computing: recent advances in multimodal natural interaction for Extended Reality headsets", in Frontiers of Computer Science, Volume 19, Article no. 1912708, Springer Nature, June 2025, accessible here; 

1.4. October

• ​International Turnkey Systems (ITS) & IBS Intelligence, Next-Gen Islamic Core Banking: Built for Cloud, Ready for Compliance, October 2025, accessible here; 

2. Reports, guidelines, recommendations and other documents published by regulatory and supervisory authorities, international organizations, and other public institutions and agencies
2.1. January
2.1.1. Asia
2.1.1.1. Hong Kong

• Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data of Hong Kong, Guidance on Cloud Computing, January 2025, accessible here; 

2.2. March
2.2.1. International

• Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), An immersive technologies policy primer, OECD Digital Economy Papers no. 373, March 2025, accessible here;

2.2.2. Africa
2.2.2.1. South Africa

• Sout African Reserve Bank, Cloud Computing and Data offshoring in the National Payment System, National Payment System Department, Consultation paper, March 2025, accessible here; 

2.3. April
2.3.1. Europe
2.3.1.1. European Union

• European Commission, Final Report of the Expert Group on B2B data sharing and cloud computing contracts, April 2025, accessible here; 

2.4. May
2.4.1. International

• Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Competition in the provision of cloud computing services, OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Papers no. 323, May 2025, accessible here; 

2.5. June
2.5.1. International

• Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Competition in the Provision of Cloud Computing Services – Note by Denmark, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Competition Committee, accessible here; 

2.5.2. Europe
2.5.2.1. European Union

• Sarah Knafo, Report on European technological sovereignty and digital infrastructure, Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, European Parliament, June 2025, accessible here; 

2.5.2.2. United Kingdom

• Information Commissioner's Office, Guidance on consumer Internet of Things products and services: Impact Assessment – DRAFT, June 2025, accessible here;

• Information Commissioner's Office, Consumer Internet of Things – draft impact assessment, June 2025, accessible here;

2.6. September
2.6.1. Europe
2.6.1.1. European Union

• European Commission, Cloud Sovereignty Framework, Version 1.2.1, Directorate-General for Digital Services, September 2025, accessible here; 

2.7. October
2.7.1. International

• Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Measuring domestic public cloud compute availability for artificial intelligence, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no. 49, October 2025, accessible here; 

2.8. November
2.8.1. Europe
2.8.1.1. European Union

• European Commission, Communication to the Commission - Approval of the draft Commission Recommendation on non-binding model contractual terms on data access and use and non-binding standard contractual clauses for cloud computing contracts (with Annexes), annexed hereto, November 2025, accessible here;

• European Commission, Annex to the Communication to the Commission - Approval of the draft Commission Recommendation on non-binding model contractual terms on data access and use and non-binding standard contractual clauses for cloud computing contracts (with Annexes), annexed hereto, November 2025, accessible here; 

2.9. December
2.9.1. Europe
2.9.1.1. European Union

• Tristan Marcelin, Cloud and AI development act, European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here;