Digital Source Booklet 2025

Digital Source Booklet:
Regulatory and policy developments
2025 Edition

A. Emerging digital technology & digital transformation
1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. January
1.1.1. International

World Economic Forum & McKinsey & Company, Europe in the Intelligent Age: From Ideas to Action, January 2025, accessible here;
World Economic Forum & Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Unlocking the Social Economy: Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions, January 2025, accessible here;

1.2. February
1.2.1. International
1.2.2. Europe
1.2.2.1. European Union
1.3. March

1.3.1. International

Aanault Lee, Transformative Technologies to Navigate - A World of Black Swans, FutureMatters, Global Finance & Technology Network (GFTN), March 2025, accessible here;

1.3.2. Europe
1.3.2.1. European Union

Centre for Information Policy Leadership (CIPL) & PublicFirst, The Impact of Digital Advertising on Europe's Competitiveness: A Study on the Role of Digital Advertising in Europe, March 2025, accessible here;

1.4. May
1.4.1. International
1.4.2. Europe
1.4.2.1. European Union
1.5. June
1.5.1. International

KPMG, 2025 Futures Report - Seizing opportunities in an era of disruption, June 2025, accessible here;
Ivan Mortimer-Schutts & Sophia Hasnain, Verified Machine Identity: Foundational Digital Infrastructure for Trusting Granular Green Data, FutureMatters, Global Finance & Technology Network (GFTN), June 2025, accessible here;

1.6. September

1.6.1. International

Southeast Asia Public Policy Institute & The App Association (ACT), Digital Platform Regulation in APEC Economies: Empowering Innovation and Inclusive Growth - A Policy White Paper, September 2025, accessible here;

1.6.2. Asia

1.6.2.1. United Arab Emirates

World Economic Forum (WEF), Ministry Of Foreign Trade, & Abu Dhabi Department of Economic Development, Advancing Digital Trade: Insights from the UAE TradeTech Regulatory Sandbox, September 2025, accessible here;

1.7. October
1.7.1. International

International Turnkey Systems - ITS & IBS Intelligence, Next-Gen Islamic Core Banking: Built for Cloud, Ready for Compliance, October 2025, accessible here;
Limara Haque & Joyce O’Connor, Digital Literacy and the Essential Skills Shaping the Future, International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications (INATBA), Knowledge BYTES by INATBA – Issue No. 2, December 2025, accessible here;

1.8. November

1.8.1. International

World Economic Forum (WEF), Shaping the Deep-Tech Revolution in Agriculture, November 2025, accessible here;

1.8.1. Europe
1.8.1.1. European Union

1.9. December

1.9.1. International

World Economic Forum (WEF) & Oliver Wyman, Nature Positive: Role of the Technology Sector, December 2025, accessible here;
World Economic Forum (WEF), Four Futures for the New Economy: Geoeconomics and Technology in 2030, Scenarios for the Global Economy Dialogue Series, December 2025, accessible here;

2. Reports, guidelines, recommendations and other documents published by regulatory and supervisory authorities, international organizations, and other public institutions and agencies
2.1. January
2.1.1. Europe
2.1.1.1. European Union
2.1.2. North America
2.1.2.1. United States of America
2.2. February
2.2.1. International
2.2.2. Europe
2.2.2.1. European Union
2.3. March
2.3.1. International
2.3.2. Europe
2.3.2.1. European Union
2.4. April
2.4.1. International
2.4.2. Europe
2.4.2.1. European Union
2.4.3. Asia
2.4.3.1. Qatar
2.5. May
2.5.1. International

World Health Organization (WHO), Health technology assessment of medical devices - Second edition: WHO medical devices technical series, May 2025, accessible here;
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Issue brief on AI and digital transformation: capacity building in the public sector, G20 South Africa 2025, May 2025, accessible here;

2.6. June
2.6.1. Europe
2.6.1.1. European Union

European Commission, Call for evidence for an evaluation and impact assessment run in parallel - Digital Networks Act, Directorate‑General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (Unit B1 - Electronic Communications Policy, Implementationand Enforcement), June 2025, accessible here;

2.6.1.2. Poland
2.7. July
2.7.1. Europe
2.7.1.1. European Unio
2.8. August
2.8.1. North America
2.8.1.1. United States of America
2.9. September
2.9.1. International

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Global Innovation Index 2025 - Executive Version, September 2025, accessible here;
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads, September 2025, accessible here;
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Guía para el establecimiento de un marco de gobernanza de gobierno digital para países de América Latina y el Caribe, LC/PUB.2025/13-P, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.2. Europe
2.9.2.1. European Union
2.10. October
2.10.1. International

World Health Organization (WHO), Digital transformation handbook for health product catalogue, October 2025, accessible here;
Mark West, An Ed-Tech Tragedy? Educational technologies and school closures in the time of COVID-19, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Routledge Books, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.2. Europe
2.10.2.1. European Union

Barbara De Micheli et al., Digitalisation, artificial intelligence and algorithmic management in the workplace: Shaping the future of work - Cost of non-Europe, European Added Value Unit of the Directorate for Impact Assessment and Foresight, Directorate-General for European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), European Parliament, October 2025, accessible here;
Analysys Mason & Axiom, Security and Resilience of EU Submarine Cable Infrastructures - Mapping, risk assessments, stress tests, Report by the Expert Group under Recommendation 2024/779 on Secure and Resilient Submarine Cable Infrastructures, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG Connect), Service Contract EC-CNECT/2024/OP/0070, European Commission, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.3. Asia

2.10.3.1. South Korea

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Digital Government Review of Korea - Harnessing Digital and Data to Transform Government, OECD Digital Government Studies, October 2025, accessible here;

2.11. November
2.11.1. International

International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Global Connectivity Report 2025, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.2. Europe
2.11.2.1. European Union

Sofia Amaral-Garcia et al., Novel forms of contracting in the Digital Economy (CoDE) AIenabled autonomous contracting, European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, Directorate A - Justice Policies Unit A.1 - Digital Transition and Judicial Training, November 2025, accessible here;
Spark, Timelex, ICF, & Wavestone, Novel forms of contracting in the digital economy - Final report, European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, Directorate A - Justice Policies Unit A.1 - Digital Transition and Judicial Training, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.2. South America

2.11.2.1. Peru

Ministerio Público - República del Perú, Plan de Gobierno Y Transformación Digital 2025-2027, November 2025, accessible here;

2.12. December

2.12.1. International

Thomas Jordan et al., Central banking in times of digitalisation and fragmentation, Bank for International Settlements – BIS, BIS papers no. 162, November 2025, accessible here;
Giorgia Bergamo et al., Deriving experimental estimates of digital trade, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), December 2025, accessible here;
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), How widespread is algorithmic management in workplaces?, December 2025, accessible here;
João Ricardo Vasconcelos et al., GovTech Maturity Index 2025: Tracking Public Sector Digital Transformation Worldwide, The World Bank, Prosperity Insight Series, December 2025, accessible here;
Centro Nacional de Planeamiento Estratégico (CEPLAN), Tendencias Globales: hiperconectividad digital, inteligencia artificial y transformación tecnológica, Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros, December 2025, accessible here;
World Health Organization (WHO), Global strategy on digital health 2020-2027, December 2025, accessible here;

2.12.2. Europe
2.12.2.1. European Union

European Commission, Alice Recoque - Europe's second exascale supercomputer on its way, December 2025, accessible here;
European Parliament resolution of 17 December 2025 with recommendations to the Commission on digitalisation, artificial intelligence and algorithmic management in the workplace – shaping the future of work (2025/2080(INL)), P10_TA(2025)0337, December 2025, accessible here;
Stefano De Luca, Secure connectivity for LEO satellites in the EU, European Parliamentary Research Service, European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here;
European Commission, Public consultation on the Digital Fairness Act - Factual summary report, Ref. Ares(2025)11434262, December 2025, accessible here & here;
European Commission, Mind the Gap - Challenges and opportunities for tax compliance and tax expenditures in the EU, Taxation and Customs Union, Short Report, December 2025, accessible here;
European Commission, Mind the Gap - Challenges and opportunities for tax compliance and tax expenditures in the EU, Taxation and Customs Union, Full Report, December 2025, accessible here;
European Commission, Mind the Gap Report - Challenges and opportunities for tax compliance and tax expenditures in the EU, Commission Staff Working Document, Methodological Note, December 2025, accessible here;
Clara Centeno et al., Promoting Well-being in Digital Education - Proposal for a Model of Emerging Practices, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), December 2025, accessible here;
Committe on Legal Affairs, Opinion on the legal basis of the The 28th Regime: a new legal framework for innovative companies (2025/2079(INL)), European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here;
Ipsos, Flash Eurobarometer 564 - Future needs in digital education, European Commission, December 2025, accessible here;
Stefan Thurner & Peter Klimek, Strategic dependencies, resilience and competitiveness in EU supply chains at the firm level - On the necessity to make EU supply chain information usable as a strategic asset, European Parliament, Economic Governance and EMU Scrutiny Unit (EGOV), Directorate-General for Economy, Transformation and Industry, PE 779.855, December 2025, accessible here;

3. Legislations, regulations, other legislative instruments
3.2. July

3.2.1. Europe

3.2.1.1. European Union

European Commission, Proposal for a Council Regulation on amending Council Regulation (EU) 2021/1173 of 13 July 2021 on establishing the European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking and repealing Regulation (EU) 2018/1488, COM(2025) 414 final, Council of the European Union, July 2025, accessible here & here;

3.2. November
3.2.1. Europe
3.2.1.1. European Union

3.3. December

3.3.1. Europe
3.3.1.1. European Union

Regulation (EU) 2025/2509 of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union of 26 November 2025 on the safety of toys and repealing Directive 2009/48/EC, European Union, December 2025, accessible here;

B. Digital finance, digital economy and financial technology (fintech)
1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. January
1.1.1. International
1.2. February
1.2.1. International

Quintus Lim, FinTech - What’s New, What’s Needed: Insights from Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, Milken Institute, Global Finance & Technology Network (GFTN), February 2025, accessible here;

1.2.2. Europe
1.2.2.1. European Union
1.3. March
1.3.1. North America
1.3.1.1. United States of America
1.4. April
1.4.1. International
1.4.2. Asia
1.4.2.1. Hong Kong
1.5. May
1.5.1. International
1.6. June
1.6.1. International
1.7. July
1.7.1. International
1.8. August
1.8.1. International
1.9. September
1.9.1. International
1.10. November
1.10.1. International
1.10.2. Europe
1.10.2.1. Portugal
1.11. December
1.11.1. International

Izzat-Begum B. Rajan & Jean-Christophe Mathonet, A Critique of Regulatory Conflation in the Digital Economy, INATBA - International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications, December 2025, accessible here;

2. Reports, guidelines, recommendations and other documents published by regulatory and supervisory authorities, international organizations, and other public institutions and agencies
2.1. January
2.1.1. International
2.2. February
2.2.1. International
2.3. March
2.3.1. International
2.3.2. Europe
2.3.2.1. European Union
2.3.3. Asia
2.3.3.1. Japan
2.3.3.2. Hong Kong
2.4. April
2.4.1. International
2.4.2. Europe
2.4.2.1. United Kingdom
2.4.3. Asia
2.4.3.1. Hong Kong
2.5. May
2.5.1. Europe
2.5.1.1. European Union
2.5.2. North America
2.5.2.1. United States of America
2.6. June
2.6.1. International
2.6.2. Europe
2.6.2.1. European Union
2.6.3. North America
2.6.3.1. United States of America
2.7. July
2.7.1. International
2.7.2. Europe
2.7.2.1. European Union
2.7.2.2. United Kingdom
2.7.3. North America
2.7.3.1. United States of America
2.7.4. Asia
2.7.4.1. Hong Kong
2.8. August
2.8.1. International
2.8.2. Europe
2.8.2.1. United Kingdom
2.8.3. Asia
2.8.3.1. Malaysia
2.9. September
2.9.1. International
2.9.2. Europe
2.9.2.1. European Union
2.9.3. Australia (& Oceania)
2.9.3.1. New Zealand
2.10. October
2.10.1. International
2.10.2. Europe
2.10.2.1. United Kingdom
2.10.3. Asia
2.10.3.1. Malaysia
2.11. November
2.11.1. International
2.11.2. Europe
2.11.2.1. European Union
2.12. December
2.12.1. International
3. Legislations, regulations, other legislative instruments
3.1. January
3.1.1. North America
3.1.1.1. United States of America
3.2. November
3.2.1. Europe
3.2.1.1. European Union

C. Digital markets & services
1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. June
1.1.1. Europe
1.1.1.1. European Union
2. Reports, guidelines, recommendations and other documents published by regulatory and supervisory authorities, international organizations, and other public institutions and agencies
2.1. January
2.1.1. Europe
2.1.1.1. European Union
2.2. February
2.2.1. Europe
2.2.1.1. European Union
2.3. April
2.3.1. Europe
2.3.1.1. European Union
2.4. May
2.4.1. International
2.4.2. Europe
2.4.2.1. European Union
2.5. June
2.5.1. Europe
2.5.1.1. European Union
2.6. July
2.6.1. Europe
2.6.1.1. European Union
2.7. September
2.7.1. Europe
2.7.1.1. European Union
2.8. October
2.8.1. International
2.8.2. Europe
2.8.2.1. European Union
2.9. November
2.9.1. Europe
2.9.1.1. European Union

European Board for Digital Services (EBDS), First report of the European Board for Digital Services in cooperation with the Commission pursuant to Article 35(2) DSA on the most prominent and recurrent systemic risks as well as mitigation measures, November 2025, accessible here;

3. Legislations, regulations, & other legislative instruments
3.1. June
3.1.1. Europe
3.1.1.1. European Union
4. Litigation & case-law
4.1. September
4.4.1. Europe
4.4.1.1. European Union

Back

Digital Source Booklet: Regulatory and policy developments 2025 Edition

​ A. Emerging digital technology & digital transformation 1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities 1.1. January 1.1.1. International

World Economic Forum & McKinsey & Company, Europe in the Intelligent Age: From Ideas to Action, January 2025, accessible here;

World Economic Forum & Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Unlocking the Social Economy: Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions, January 2025, accessible here;

1.2. February 1.2.1. International 1.2.2. Europe 1.2.2.1. European Union 1.3. March

1.3.1. International

Aanault Lee, Transformative Technologies to Navigate - A World of Black Swans, FutureMatters, Global Finance & Technology Network (GFTN), March 2025, accessible here;

1.3.2. Europe 1.3.2.1. European Union

Centre for Information Policy Leadership (CIPL) & PublicFirst, The Impact of Digital Advertising on Europe's Competitiveness: A Study on the Role of Digital Advertising in Europe, March 2025, accessible here;

1.4. May 1.4.1. International 1.4.2. Europe 1.4.2.1. European Union 1.5. June 1.5.1. International

KPMG, 2025 Futures Report - Seizing opportunities in an era of disruption, June 2025, accessible here;

Ivan Mortimer-Schutts & Sophia Hasnain, Verified Machine Identity: Foundational Digital Infrastructure for Trusting Granular Green Data, FutureMatters, Global Finance & Technology Network (GFTN), June 2025, accessible here;

1.6. September

1.6.1. International

Southeast Asia Public Policy Institute & The App Association (ACT), Digital Platform Regulation in APEC Economies: Empowering Innovation and Inclusive Growth - A Policy White Paper, September 2025, accessible here;

1.6.2. Asia

1.6.2.1. United Arab Emirates

World Economic Forum (WEF), Ministry Of Foreign Trade, & Abu Dhabi Department of Economic Development, Advancing Digital Trade: Insights from the UAE TradeTech Regulatory Sandbox, September 2025, accessible here;

1.7. October 1.7.1. International

​International Turnkey Systems - ITS & IBS Intelligence, Next-Gen Islamic Core Banking: Built for Cloud, Ready for Compliance, October 2025, accessible here;

Limara Haque & Joyce O’Connor, Digital Literacy and the Essential Skills Shaping the Future, International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications (INATBA), Knowledge BYTES by INATBA – Issue No. 2, December 2025, accessible here;

1.8. November

1.8.1. International

World Economic Forum (WEF), Shaping the Deep-Tech Revolution in Agriculture, November 2025, accessible here;

1.8.1. Europe 1.8.1.1. European Union

1.9. December

1.9.1. International

World Economic Forum (WEF) & Oliver Wyman, Nature Positive: Role of the Technology Sector, December 2025, accessible here;

World Economic Forum (WEF), Four Futures for the New Economy: Geoeconomics and Technology in 2030, Scenarios for the Global Economy Dialogue Series, December 2025, accessible here;

World Health Organization (WHO), Health technology assessment of medical devices - Second edition: WHO medical devices technical series, May 2025, accessible here;

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Issue brief on AI and digital transformation: capacity building in the public sector, G20 South Africa 2025, May 2025, accessible here;

2.6. June 2.6.1. Europe 2.6.1.1. European Union

European Commission, Call for evidence for an evaluation and impact assessment run in parallel - Digital Networks Act, Directorate‑General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (Unit B1 - Electronic Communications Policy, Implementationand Enforcement), June 2025, accessible here;

2.6.1.2. Poland 2.7. July 2.7.1. Europe 2.7.1.1. European Unio 2.8. August 2.8.1. North America 2.8.1.1. United States of America 2.9. September 2.9.1. International

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Global Innovation Index 2025 - Executive Version, September 2025, accessible here; ​

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads, September 2025, accessible here;

United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Guía para el establecimiento de un marco de gobernanza de gobierno digital para países de América Latina y el Caribe, LC/PUB.2025/13-P, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.2. Europe 2.9.2.1. European Union 2.10. October 2.10.1. International

World Health Organization (WHO), Digital transformation handbook for health product catalogue, October 2025, accessible here;

Mark West, An Ed-Tech Tragedy? Educational technologies and school closures in the time of COVID-19, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Routledge Books, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.2. Europe 2.10.2.1. European Union

2.10.3. Asia

2.10.3.1. South Korea

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Digital Government Review of Korea - Harnessing Digital and Data to Transform Government, OECD Digital Government Studies, October 2025, accessible here;

2.11. November 2.11.1. International

International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Global Connectivity Report 2025, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.2. Europe 2.11.2.1. European Union

Spark, Timelex, ICF, & Wavestone, Novel forms of contracting in the digital economy - Final report, European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, Directorate A - Justice Policies Unit A.1 - Digital Transition and Judicial Training, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.2. South America

2.11.2.1. Peru

Ministerio Público - República del Perú, Plan de Gobierno Y Transformación Digital 2025-2027, November 2025, accessible here;

2.12. December

2.12.1. International

Thomas Jordan et al., Central banking in times of digitalisation and fragmentation, Bank for International Settlements – BIS, BIS papers no. 162, November 2025, accessible here;

Giorgia Bergamo et al., Deriving experimental estimates of digital trade, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), December 2025, accessible here;

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), How widespread is algorithmic management in workplaces?, December 2025, accessible here;

João Ricardo Vasconcelos et al., GovTech Maturity Index 2025: Tracking Public Sector Digital Transformation Worldwide, The World Bank, Prosperity Insight Series, December 2025, accessible here;

Centro Nacional de Planeamiento Estratégico (CEPLAN), Tendencias Globales: hiperconectividad digital, inteligencia artificial y transformación tecnológica, Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros, December 2025, accessible here;

World Health Organization (WHO), Global strategy on digital health 2020-2027, December 2025, accessible here;

2.12.2. Europe 2.12.2.1. European Union

European Commission, Alice Recoque - Europe's second exascale supercomputer on its way, December 2025, accessible here;

European Parliament resolution of 17 December 2025 with recommendations to the Commission on digitalisation, artificial intelligence and algorithmic management in the workplace – shaping the future of work (2025/2080(INL)), P10_TA(2025)0337, December 2025, accessible here;

Stefano De Luca, Secure connectivity for LEO satellites in the EU, European Parliamentary Research Service, European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here;

European Commission, Public consultation on the Digital Fairness Act - Factual summary report, Ref. Ares(2025)11434262, December 2025, accessible here & here;

European Commission, Mind the Gap - Challenges and opportunities for tax compliance and tax expenditures in the EU, Taxation and Customs Union, Short Report, December 2025, accessible here;

European Commission, Mind the Gap - Challenges and opportunities for tax compliance and tax expenditures in the EU, Taxation and Customs Union, Full Report, December 2025, accessible here​;

European Commission, Mind the Gap Report - Challenges and opportunities for tax compliance and tax expenditures in the EU, Commission Staff Working Document, Methodological Note, December 2025, accessible here​;

Clara Centeno et al., Promoting Well-being in Digital Education - Proposal for a Model of Emerging Practices, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), December 2025, accessible here;

Committe on Legal Affairs, Opinion on the legal basis of the The 28th Regime: a new legal framework for innovative companies (2025/2079(INL)), European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here;

Ipsos, Flash Eurobarometer 564 - Future needs in digital education, European Commission, December 2025, accessible here;

3. Legislations, regulations, other legislative instruments 3.2. July

3.2.1. Europe

3.2.1.1. European Union

3.2. November 3.2.1. Europe 3.2.1.1. European Union

3.3. December

3.3.1. Europe 3.3.1.1. European Union

Regulation (EU) 2025/2509 of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union of 26 November 2025 on the safety of toys and repealing Directive 2009/48/EC, European Union, December 2025, accessible here;

B. Digital finance, digital economy and financial technology (fintech) 1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities 1.1. January 1.1.1. International 1.2. February 1.2.1. International

Quintus Lim, FinTech - What’s New, What’s Needed: Insights from Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, Milken Institute, Global Finance & Technology Network (GFTN), February 2025, accessible here;

Izzat-Begum B. Rajan & Jean-Christophe Mathonet, A Critique of Regulatory Conflation in the Digital Economy, INATBA - International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications, December 2025, accessible here;

Digital Source Booklet:
Regulatory and policy developments
2025 Edition

A. Emerging digital technology & digital transformation
1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. January
1.1.1. International

1.2. February
1.2.1. International
1.2.2. Europe
1.2.2.1. European Union
1.3. March

1.3.2. Europe
1.3.2.1. European Union

1.4. May
1.4.1. International
1.4.2. Europe
1.4.2.1. European Union
1.5. June
1.5.1. International

1.7. October
1.7.1. International

International Turnkey Systems - ITS & IBS Intelligence, Next-Gen Islamic Core Banking: Built for Cloud, Ready for Compliance, October 2025, accessible here;

1.8.1. Europe
1.8.1.1. European Union

2.6. June
2.6.1. Europe
2.6.1.1. European Union

2.6.1.2. Poland
2.7. July
2.7.1. Europe
2.7.1.1. European Unio
2.8. August
2.8.1. North America
2.8.1.1. United States of America
2.9. September
2.9.1. International

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Global Innovation Index 2025 - Executive Version, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.2. Europe
2.9.2.1. European Union
2.10. October
2.10.1. International

2.10.2. Europe
2.10.2.1. European Union

2.11. November
2.11.1. International

2.11.2. Europe
2.11.2.1. European Union

2.12.2. Europe
2.12.2.1. European Union

European Commission, Mind the Gap - Challenges and opportunities for tax compliance and tax expenditures in the EU, Taxation and Customs Union, Full Report, December 2025, accessible here;

European Commission, Mind the Gap Report - Challenges and opportunities for tax compliance and tax expenditures in the EU, Commission Staff Working Document, Methodological Note, December 2025, accessible here;

3. Legislations, regulations, other legislative instruments
3.2. July

3.2. November
3.2.1. Europe
3.2.1.1. European Union

3.3.1. Europe
3.3.1.1. European Union

B. Digital finance, digital economy and financial technology (fintech)
1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. January
1.1.1. International
1.2. February
1.2.1. International

3. Legislations, regulations, & other legislative instruments
3.1. June
3.1.1. Europe
3.1.1.1. European Union
4. Litigation & case-law
4.1. September
4.4.1. Europe
4.4.1.1. European Union