top of page

AI Source Booklet:
Regulatory and policy developments
2025 Edition


A. Artificial intelligence (AI) & machine learning (ML)
1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. January
1.1.1. International

  • ​Impunity Watch & Raoul Wallenberg Institute, Artificial Intelligence and Transitional Justice: Framing the Connections, January 2025, accessible here;

  • All Tech Is Human & IBM Research, All Tech Is Human x IBM Research AI Governance Workshop, January 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum, Artificial Intelligence for Efficiency, Sustainability and Inclusivity in TradeTech, January 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum, Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity: Balancing Risks and Rewards, January 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum, Artificial Intelligence in Financial Services, January 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum, AI in Action: Beyond Experimentation to Transform Industry, January 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum, The Future of AI-Enabled Health: Leading the Way, January 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum, Blueprint to Action: China’s Path to AI-Powered Industry Transformation, January 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum, Artificial Intelligence’s Energy Paradox: Balancing Challenges and Opportunities, January 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum, Intelligent Transport, Greener Future: AI as a Catalyst to Decarbonize Global Logistics, January 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum, Blueprint for Intelligent Economies: AI Competitiveness through Regional Collaboration, January 2025, accessible here;

  • Center for Democracy & Technology, Assessing AI - Surveying the Spectrum of Approaches to Understanding and Auditing AI Systems, January 2025, accessible here;

  • AI Action Summit, International AI Safety Report - The International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI, January 2025, accessible here;

  • Inter-American Development Bank, Artificial Intelligence Framework for the Inter-American Development Group, January 2025, accessible here;

  • Center for Security and Emerging Technology, AI Incidents - Key Components for a Mandatory Reporting Regime, January 2025, accessible here;

1.1.2. Europe

1.1.2.1. European Union

  • IIA Nederland, The AI Act: Road to Compliance - A Practical Guide for Internal Auditors, January 2025, accessible here;
    Centre for Future Generations, Building CERN for AI - An institutional blueprint, January 2025, accessible here;

  • Cigref, Guide de mise en œuvre de l’AI Act – Part 1: Cartographie des obligations applicables aux organisations, January 2025, accessible here;

1.1.3. North America

1.1.3.1. United States of America

  • OpenAI, AI in America - OpenAI's Economic Blueprint, January 2025, accessible here;

  • Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Assessing the Implementation of Federal AI Leadership and Compliance Mandates, January 2025, accessible here;

  • Washington Technology Solutions, Responsible AI in the Public Sector - How the Washington State Government Uses & Governs Artificial Intelligence, January 2025, accessible here;

1.1.4. Asia

1.1.4.1. India

  • Observer Research Foundation, India’s AI Imperative: Building National Competencies in a New World Order, January 2025, accessible here;

1.2. February

1.2.1. International

  • Institute for Public Policy Research, The new politics of AI: Why fast technological change requires bold policy targets, February 2025, accessible here;

  • Financial Times, Future of AI 2.0, February 2025, accessible here;

  • The Alan Turing Institute & Queen Mary University of London, The Children's Manifesto for the Future of AI, February 2025, accessible here;

  • Cambridge University Press, The Cambridge Handbook of the Law, Ethics and Policy of Artificial Intelligence, February 2025, accessible here;

  • Innovate UK & BridgeAI, Business applications of Artificial Intelligence, February 2025, accessible here;

  • DeltalogiX, AI vs AI: The challenge of Artificial Intelligence in recognizing itself, February 2025, accessible here;

  • Responsible AI Institute, AI Inventories: Practical Challenges for Organizational Risk Management, February 2025, accessible here;

  • ETH Zürich, Probabilistic Artificial Intelligence, February 2025, accessible here;

  • Google Cloud, Future of AI: Perspectives for Startups, February 2025, accessible here;

  • arXiv, Multi-Agent Risks from Advanced AI, February 2025, accessible here;

  • MIT, Mapping Frameworks at the Intersection of AI Safety and Traditional Risk Management, February 2025, accessible here;

  • AI Policymaker Network & Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, The AI Policy Playbook, February 2025, accessible here;

  • Digital Cooperation Organization, AI-REAL Toolkit: AI Readiness to Empowerment, Adoption, and Leadership, February 2025, accessible here;

1.2.2. Europe

1.2.2.2. United Kingdom

  • Tony Blair Institute for Global Change, A New National Purpose: Accelerating UK Science in the Age of AI, February 2025, accessible here;

1.2.3. North America

1.2.3.1. United States of America

  • Center for AI Policy, U.S. Open-Source AI Governance, February 2025, accessible here;
    Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Putting Explainable AI to the Test, February 2025, accessible here;

1.3. March

1.3.1. International

  • Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2025 Presidential Panel on the Future of AI Research, March 2025, accessible here;

  • arXiv, Superintelligence Strategy: Expert Version, March 2025, accessible here;

  • Centre for Finance, Technology and Entrepreneurship, AI Literacy Whitepaper, March 2025, accessible here;

  • Centre for Information Policy Leadership, Privacy-Enhancing and Privacy Preserving Technologies in AI, March 2025, accessible here;

  • MIT, The AI Risk Repository, March 2025, accessible here;

  • Computer & Communications Industry Association, Global Round-Up: National AI Policies, March 2025, accessible here;

1.3.2. Europe

1.3.2.1. European Union

  • AI & Partners, EU AI Act - ISO/IEC 42001: 2023 - A Guide to Implementation, March 2025, accessible here;

  • AI & Partners, EU AI Act - National Implementation Plans - State of Play, March 2025, accessible here;

  • AI & Partners, EU AI Act - NIST AI 100-1 AI Risk Management Framework, March 2025, accessible here;

  • AI & Partners, EU AI Act - ISO/IEC 23894: 2023 - A Practitioner’s Roadmap, March 2025, accessible here;

  • University of Vienna, AI Data Protection Regulation Draft, March 2025, accessible here;

1.3.2.2. United Kingdom

  • Joe Burton, Ardi Janjeva, Simon Moseley and Alice, AI and Serious Online Crime, The Alan Turing Institute, March 2025, accessible here;

  • Anna Knack, Nandita Balakrishnan & Timothy Clancy, Applying AI to Strategic Warning Modelling instability risks and stabilisation factors for intelligence and national security, Centre for Emerging Technology and Security (CETaS), Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), March 2025, accessible here

1.3.3. North America

1.3.3.1. United States of America

  • Finance Watch, Artificial intelligence in finance: how to trust a black box?, March 2025, accessible here;

1.4. April
1.4.1. International

  • Damian Kutzias, Dr. Claudia Dukino, & Dr. Jan-Paul Leuteritz, Guide to the implementation of AI projects - A human-centered approach from idea to application, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, April 2025, accessible here & here;

  • Martin Braun et al., Guide to strategy and change toward the use of AI - Unlocking the potential of artificial intelligence following a human-centered approach, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, April 2025, accessible here & here

  • Emelia Probasco, Helen Toner, Matthew Burtell, & Tim G. J. Rudner, AI for Military Decision-Making - Harnessing the Advantages and Avoiding the Risks, Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), April 2025, accessible here;
    Stanford University, Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2025, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Daniel Kokotajlo, Scott Alexander, Thomas Larsen, Eli Lifland, & Romeo Dean, AI 2027, AI Futures Project, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Arvind Narayanan & Sayash Kapoor, AI as Normal Technology - An alternative to the vision of AI as a potential superintelligence, Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Cian O'Donovan et al., Visions, values, voices: a survey of artificial intelligence researchers, Centre for Responsible Innovation of the UCL, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Ezequiel Molina & Exequiel Medina Vásquez, AI Revolution in Higher Education - What you need to know, World Bank, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Jess Graham, Alexander Saeri, & Peter Slattery, April 2025 update of the AI Risk Repository, MIT AI Risk Repository, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Center for AI and Digital Policy, Artificial Intelligence and Democratic Values - A comprehensive review of AI policies and practices worldwide, April 2025, accessible here;

  • International Finance Forum (IFF) & Deep Knowledge Group, IFF Global Artificial Intelligence Competitiveness Index Report - Part 2: Analyzing AI Competitiveness From the Research Innovation Perspective, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Association of Corporate Counsel, Artificial Intelligence Toolkit for In-house Lawyers - Strategies to drive business success and advance your career, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Janna Quitney Anderson & Lee Rainie, Being Human in 2035 - How Are We Changing in the Age of AI?, Imagining the Digital Future Center of Elon University, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Economist Impact & Delta Electronics, Greening intelligence: Charting the future of sustainable AI, April 2025, accessible here;

1.4.2. Europe

1.4.2.1. European Union

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Harmonised Standards - State of Play, AI & Partners, April 2025, accessible here;
    Bird & Bird, European Union Artificial Intelligence Act: a guide, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), AI & Partners, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Stefano Bianchini, Valentina Di Girolamo, Julien Ravet, & David Arranz, Artificial Intelligence in Science: Promises or Perils for Creativity?, European Commission, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - OECD AI Principles versus EU AI Act - A Mapping Exercise, AI & Partners, April 2025, accessible here;

1.4.2.2. United Kingdom

  • Carsten Jung & Bhargav Srinivasa Desikan, The direction of AI innovation in the UK: Insights from a new database and a roadmap for reform, IPPR, April 2025, accessible here;

1.4.3. North America

1.4.3.1. United States of America

  • Amy Zegart & Emerson Johnston, A Deep Peek into DeepSeek AI’s Talent and Implications for US Innovation, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI), April 2025, accessible here;

1.4.4. Asia

1.4.4.1. India

  • Sean Musch et al., India - AI Ecosystem Brief - 2025 Edition, AI & Partners, April 2025, accessible here;

1.4.5. Africa

  • Global Center on AI Governance, AI in Africa: A Landscape Study, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Lawyers Hub, Africa Artificial Intelligence & Privacy Report 2025, April 2025, accessible here;

1.5. May
1.5.1. International

  • Dirk Alexander Molitor et al., AI in New Product Development Connecting Data & Unlocking Knowledge, Accenture, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz (DFKI), Fraunhofer ISST, May 2025, accessible here

  • Aurelia Colombi Ciacchi, Maria Lorena Flórez Rojas, Lottie Lane, & Tobias Nowak, AI and Public Administration: The (legal) limits of algorithmic governance, Justice, Fundamental Rights and Artificial Intelligence, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, May 2025, accessible here;

1.5.2. Europe
1.5.2.1. European Union

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - AI Regulation - Impact on Data Protection, AI & Partners, May 2025, accessible here;

  • Cigref, Guide de mise en œuvre de l’AI Act – Partie 2: Gouvernance Mode d’emploi et outils pour mettre en place une gouvernance de l’IA, May 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - UNESCO Recommendations on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence - A Mapping Exercise, AI & Partners, May 2025, accessible here;

  • White & Case LLP, EU AI Act Handbook, May 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - GDPR Enforcement Tracker - Enforcing the EU AI Act with Fines, AI & Partners, May 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - ISO/IEC FDIS 42005 – Impact Assessments of AI Systems - A Guide to Implementation, AI & Partners, May 2025, accessible here;

1.5.2.1. Switzerland

  • AI Swiss, Human-AI Co-Thinking: Transforming Swiss Education, May 2025, accessible here;

1.6. June

1.6.1. International

  • World Economic Forum, Earning Trust for AI in Health: A Collaborative Path Forward, June 2025, accessible here;

  • International Data Center Authority (IDCA), Global Artificial Intelligence Report (2025), June 2025, accessible here;

  • Vanessa Cook & Lynelle Huskey, AI dictionary, part 1: The basics, Bank of America, June 2025, accessible here;

  • IoT Security Institute (IoTSI), Smart Cities and Critical Infrastructure AI Framework, June 2025, accessible here;

  • Zoe Huczok, Albert Meige, & Rick Eagar, Physical AI - The next AI wave?, Arthur D. Little, June 2025, accessible here;

  • Chambers and Partners, Artificial Intelligence 2025 - Definitive global law guides offering comparative analysis from top-ranked lawyers, June 2025, accessible here;National Institute of Justice, Landscape Study of Generative Artificial Intelligence in the Criminal Justice System, June 2025, accessible here;

  • Tim White & John H. Schmidt, Artificial Intelligence in Aerospace and Defense, Aerospace Industries Association & Accenture, June 2025, accessible here;

1.6.2. Europe

1.6.2.1. European Union

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - DORA vs. EU AI Act - A Mapping Exercise, AI & Partners, June 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - The Framework Convention on AI versus EU AI Act - A Mapping Exercise, AI & Partners, June 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - DMA versus EU AI Act - A Mapping Exercise, AI & Partners, June 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - European AI Board - A Review of its Purpose and Structure, AI & Partners, June 2025, accessible here;

  • Initiative for Applied Artificial Intelligence, AI Act Governance: Best Practices for Implementing the EU AI Act, June 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - European AI Office - Overview of Regulator for Trustworthy AI, AI & Partners, July 2025, accessible here;

1.6.3. North America

1.6.3.1. United States of America

  • Carol Kuntz, Artificial Intelligence and War - How the Department of Defense Can Lead Responsibly, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), June 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., United States of America - AI Ecosystem Brief - 2025 Edition, AI & Partners, July 2025, accessible here;

1.6.4. Asia

1.6.4.1. China

  • Hui Zhou et al., The Model Artificial Intelligence Law (MAIL) v.3.0, Zenodo, June 2025, accessible here;

1.7. July

1.7.1. International

  • Vanessa Cook & Lynelle Huskey, AI dictionary, part 2: The next generation, Bank of America, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Vanessa Cook & Lynelle Huskey, AI dictionary, part 3: Resources and risks, Bank of America, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Future of Life Institute (FLI), AI Safety Index - Summer 2025, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb), Guideline on the Use of AI in Arbitration, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Nick Milinkovich et al., The future of AI in the insurance industry, McKinsey & Company, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Alexander Saeri et al., Mapping AI Risk Mitigations - Evidence Scan and Draft Mitigation Taxonomy, MIT AI Risk Repository, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, July 2025, accessible here;

  • International Finance Forum (IFF) & Deep Knowledge Group, IFF Global Artificial Intelligence Competitiveness Index Report - Part 3: Analyzing AI Competitiveness From the Human Capital Perspective, July 2025, accessible here;

  • IAPP, Key Terms for AI Governance, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Wendy Chang, Rebecca Arcesati, & Antonia Hmaidi, China’s drive toward self-reliance in artificial intelligence: from chips to large language models, Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS) & China Tech Observatory, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Daniel Hook, DeepSeek and the New Geopolitics of AI - China’s ascent to research pre-eminence in AI, Digital Science & Dimensions, July 2025, accessible here;

  • The Alan Turing Institute, Doing AI differently - Rethinking the foundations of AI via the humanities, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Vladimír Šucha, Before AGI arrives - Why 2025-2030 determines the future of democratic AI governance, School of Transnational Governance, European University Institute, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Janet Egan, Global Compute and National Security - Strengthening American AI Leadership Through Proactive Partnerships, Center for a New American Security (CNAS), July 2025, accessible here;

  • World Governments Summit & EY, Navigating the Future of AI in Education and Education in AI - How Governments Can Forge More Effective and Equitable Learning Systems and Develop Workforces with Future-Ready Skills, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Julian De Freitas, Zeliha Oğuz-Uğuralp, & Ahmet Kaan-Uğuralp, Emotional Manipulation by AI Companions, Harvard Business School, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Norton Rose Fulbright, AI regulation - Global guide, July 2025, accessible here;

1.7.2. Europe

1.7.2.1. European Union

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Standard Setting - Establishing harmonised standards for AI systems, AI & Partners, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Data Governance Act versus EU AI Act, AI & Partners, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Bitkom, AI Act Simplification: For Innovation and Feasibility - Bitkom’s recommendations for an AI Act simplification package, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Data Act versus EU AI Act: A Mapping Exercise, AI & Partners, July 2025, accessible here;

1.7.2.2. Austria

  • Sean Musch et al., Austria - AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, July 2025, accessible here;

1.7.2.3. Belgium

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Belgium AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, July 2025, accessible here;

1.7.2.4. Portugal

  • Sean Musch et al., Portugal - AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, July 2025, accessible here;

1.7.2.5. Croatia

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Croatia: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, July 2025, accessible here;

1.7.3. North America

1.7.3.1. United States of America

  • Barry Pavel et al., How Artificial General Intelligence Could Affect the Rise and Fall of Nations - Visions for Potential AGI Futures, RAND, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Ashwin Acharya & Oscar Delaney, Managing Risks from Internal AI Systems, Institute for AI Policy and Strategy (IAPS), July 2025, accessible here;

1.7.4. Asia

1.7.4.1. China

  • Gabriel Wagner et al., State of AI Safety in China, Concordia AI, July 2025, accessible here;

1.7.4.2. South Korea

  • Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), Translation: Basic Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of Trust (January 2025), South Korean Ministry of Government Legislation, July 2025, accessible here;

1.8. August
1.8.1. International

  • Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA), A Practical Guide for Technical Leaders: AI Governance, August 2025, accessible here

  • World Economic Forum (WEF), Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India & BCG X, Future Farming in India: A Playbook for Scaling Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, August 2025, accessible here;

  • World AI Council & World AI X, Artificial Intelligence Governance Report: Bridging AI Regulations to Compliance - August 2025 Edition, August 2025, accessible here;

  • OWASP Foundation, OWASP AI Maturity Assessment, August 2025, accessible here;

  • IBM, Cost of a Data Breach Report 2025 - The AI Oversight Gap, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Cheryll-Ann Wilson, Explainable AI in Finance: Addressing the Needs of Diverse Stakeholders, CFA Institute, August 2025, accessible here;

  • Laura Bruun & Marta Bo, Bias in Military Artificial Intelligence and Compliance with International Humanitarian Law, SIPRI, August 2025, accessible here;

  • Benjamin Raue et al., Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Rights - The AI Act of the European Union and its implications for global technology regulation, Institute for Digital Law Trier (IRDT), August 2025, accessible here;

1.8.2. Europe

1.8.2.1. European Union

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - AI Regulatory Sandboxes, AI & Partners, August 2025, accessible here;
    Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - NIS2 versus EU AI Act: A Mapping Exercise, AI & Partners, August 2025, accessible here;
    Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - MDR versus EU AI Act: A Mapping Exercise, AI & Partners, August 2025, accessible here;
    Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - EU AI Act versus IEEE P7003 – 2024: A Mapping Exercise on Algorithmic Bias Considerations, AI & Partners, August 2025, accessible here;
    Arcangelo Leone de Castris, AI Governance around the world - Country Profile: European Union, The Alan Turing Institute, August 2025, accessible here;

1.8.2.2. Czech Republic

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Czech Republic: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, August 2025, accessible here;

1.8.2.3. Cyprus

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Cyprus: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, August 2025, accessible here;

1.8.2.4. Denmark

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Denmark: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, August 2025, accessible here;

1.8.2.5. Estonia

  • Sean Musch, EU AI Act - Estonia: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, August 2025, accessible here;

1.8.3. North America 

1.8.3.1. Canada

  • Stephanie Cairns & Uzma Chaudhry, AI governance around the world - Country profile: Canada, The Alan Turing Institute, August 2025, accessible here;

1.8.4. Asia

1.8.4.1. Singapore

  • Ana Alania, AI governance around the world - Country profile: Singapore, The Alan Turing Institute, August 2025, accessible here

1.8.2. Europe

1.8.4.2. India

  • Nalanda Sharadjaya, AI governance around the world - Country profile: India, The Alan Turing Institute, August 2025, accessible here;

1.9. September
1.9.1. International

  • Kyle Crichton et al., Harmonizing AI Guidance: Distilling Voluntary Standards and Best Practices into a Unified Framework, Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), September 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum, Physical AI: Powering the New Age of Industrial Operations, September 2025, accessible here;

  • Julia M. Smith et al., A Guide to AI in Schools - Perspectives for the Perplexed, Massachusetts Institute of Technology & Institute for Advancing Computing Education, September 2025, accessible here;

  • Epoch AI, AI in 2030 - Extrapolating current trends, September 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum & Accenture, Advancing Responsible AI Innovation: A Playbook, September 2025, accessible here;

  • Erich Grunewald & Asher Brass Gershovich, Accelerating AI Data Center Security, Institute for AI Policy and Strategy (IAPS), September 2025, accessible here;

  • Clifford Chance & Deutsche Bank, The Convergence of AI and Distributed Ledger Technology: Opportunities and Risks, September 2025, accessible here;

  • Dr Rupert B. & Natasha Karner, AI Won’t Replace the General: Algorithms, Decision-making and Battlefield Command, The Alan Turing Institute & Accenture, September 2025, accessible here;

  • Cloud Security Alliance, Analyzing Log Data with AI Models to Meet Zero Trust Principles - Automating Incident Detection, Event Correlation, and Response, September 2025, accessible here;

  • Dr. John George Hatzadony, Navigating the AI Frontier: Ensuring Human-Centric Innovation in a Tech-Centric World, ADGM Academy, Rabdan Academy, & Standard Chartered, September 2025, accessible here;

  • The Hong Kong Chartered Governance Institute, Responsible AI Policy Development: A Governance Playbook, September 2025, accessible here;

  • ICAAD & King & Wood Mallesons, Artificial Intelligence Harm and Human Rights - A high level exploration of the interaction of AI harms, September 2025, accessible here;

1.9.2. Europe

1.9.2.1. European Union

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Cyber Resilience Act versus EU AI Act: A Mapping Exercise, AI & Partners, September 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Conformity Assessments: Assessing high-risk AI systems, AI & Partners, September 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Notified Bodies: Assessing AI System Conformity, AI & Partners, September 2025, accessible here;

  • AI & Partners, Explained: Draft Guidance Article 73 AI Act-Incident Reporting (High-Risk AI Systems), September 2025, accessible here;

1.9.2.2. Germany

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Germany: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, September 2025, accessible here;

1.9.2.3. France

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - France: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, September 2025, accessible here;

1.9.2.4. Finland

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Finland: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, September 2025, accessible here;

1.9.2.5. Greece

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Greece: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, September 2025, accessible here;

1.9.2.6. Hungary

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Hungary: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, October 2025, accessible here;

1.9.3. Asia

1.9.3.1. Japan

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Japan’s AI Act versus EU AI Act: A Mapping Exercise, AI & Partners, September 2025, accessible here;

1.10. October

1.10.1. International

  • Simon Mylius et al., Mapping the AI governance landscape: Pilot test and update, MIT AI Risk Repository, FutureTech, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), October 2025, accessible here;

  • Mia Hoffmann, The Mechanisms of AI Harm - Lessons Learned from AI Incidents, Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), October 2025, accessible here;

  • IAPP & HCLTech, Global AI Governance Law and Policy - Australia, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, UAE and US, October 2025, accessible here;

  • Aanault Lee & Phyu Thinn Kaitlyn, AI in Finance - A Decade of Progress and Pathways for Growth, FutureMatters, Global Finance & Technology Network (GFTN), October 2025, accessible here

  • R. Cara Labrador et al., Building AI Surge Capacity: Mobilizing Technical Talent into Government for AI-Related National Security Crises, October 2025, accessible here

  • Marta Ziosi et al., Safety Frameworks and Standards: A comparative analysis to advance risk management of frontier AI, University of Oxford, Oxford Martin School, Oxford Martin AI Governance Initiative, October 2025, accessible here

1.10.2. Europe

1.10.2.1. European Union

  • Anna Knack et al., Defence AI Assurance - Identifying promising practice and a system card template for Defence, Alan Turing Institute, Accenture, & UK Ministry of Defence, September 2025, accessible here;

  • Future of Privacy Forum, The State of State AI: Legislative Approaches to AI in 2025, October 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India, & BCG X, Shaping the AI Sandbox Ecosystem for the Intelligent Age, October 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India, & BCG X, Transforming Small Businesses: An AI Playbook for India’s SMEs, October 2025, accessible here;

  • Stephen Gibson & Winston Tang, Challenges in assessing the impacts of regulation of Artificial Intelligence, Social Market Foundation, October 2025, accessible here;

  • Sophie Williams et al., Assessing Risk Relative to Competitors: An Analysis of Current AI Company Policies, Centre for the Governance of AI (GovAI), October 2025, accessible here;

  • Goldman Sachs, AI: In a bubble?, October 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum & Frontiers, 10 Emerging Technology Solutions for Planetary Health, October 2025, accessible here;

  • Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism & University of Oxford, AI Adoption by UK Journalists and their Newsrooms: Surveying Applications, Approaches, and Attitudes, November 2025, accessible here;

1.10.2.2. Italy

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Italy: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, October 2025, accessible here;

1.10.2.3. Ireland

  • Sean Musch et al., Ireland - AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, October 2025, accessible here;

1.10.2.4. Latvia

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Latvia: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, October 2025, accessible here;

1.10.2.5. Lithuania

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Lithuania: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, October 2025, accessible here;

1.11. November
1.11.1. International

  • Åsa Dahlborn et al., Building Trust: Integrating AI, Blockchain, and Digital Identity, International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications (INATBA), November 2025, accessible here;

  • Anthropic, Disrupting the first reported AI-orchestrated cyber espionage campaign, November 2025, accessible here;

  • Lucía Bosoer & Daniel Innerarity, Unpacking AI Sovereignty, European University Institute, November 2025, accessible here;

  • Marc Bellon et al., How to Define an AI System under the AI Act, Confederation of European Data Protection Organisations (CEDPO), November 2025, accessible here;

1.11.2. Europe

1.11.2.1. European Union

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - AI Regulatory Sandboxes: A Breakdown, AI & Partners, November 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch, Michael Charles Borrelli, Charles Kerrigan, Giannis Tolios, Michael Tchuindjang, Chakib Achour, & Juan Ma Perals, EU AI Act - AI Literacy: A Briefing, AI & Partners, November 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - AI System Definition: A Synopsis, AI & Partners, November 2025, accessible here;

  • Philipp Hacker, Robert Kilian, & Jana Costas, “Simplifying” European AI Regulation: An Evidence-based Study, KI Bundesverband & Bertelsmann Stiftung, November 2025, accessible here;

  • AI & Partners, Explained: Proposal for Digital Omnibus on AI 2025/0359 (COD) {SWD(2025) 836 final}, November 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., Preparing your board for generative AI - Generative AI Board Briefing Paper, AI & Partners, November 2025, accessible here;

1.11.2.2. Luxembourg

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Luxembourg: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, November 2025, accessible here;

1.11.2.3. Malta

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Malta: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, November 2025, accessible here;

1.11.2.4. Netherlands

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Netherlands: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, November 2025, accessible here;

1.11.3. North America

1.11.3.1. United States of America

  • Janet Egan, Spencer Michaels, and Caleb Withers, Prepared, Not Paralyzed - Managing AI Risks to Drive American Leadership, Center for a New American Security (CNAS), America's Edge, November 2025, accessible here

1.11.4. Asia 1.11.4.1. South Korea

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Korea AI Basic Act: A Mapping Exercise, AI & Partners, November 2025, accessible here;

1.12. December
1.12.1. International

  • Centre for Information Policy Leadership (CIPL), Legitimate Interests for Data in AI Training - The DPO Perspective, December 2025, accessible here;

  • ​Centre for Information Policy Leadership (CIPL), Reconciling AI with the Data Minimization Principle: Bridging the Innovation and Privacy Gap, December 2025, accessible here

  • World Economic Forum (WEF) & Cognizant, New Economy Skills: Building AI, Data and Digital Capabilities for Growth, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Adrien Abecassis et al., A Blueprint for Multinational Advanced AI Development, Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Technical University of Munich, Oxford Martin AI Governance Initiative, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Uppsala University, Paris Peace Forum, RWTH Aachen University, CeSia, Université Paris Dauphine - PSL, November 2025, accessible here;

  • Andres Raieste et al., Government efficiency in the age of AI - Toward resilient and efficient digital democracies, Tartu Ülikool (University of Tartu), Nortal, October 2025, accessible here

  • Maximilian Schons et al., The 2025 Peregrine Report - 208 Expert Proposals for Reducing AI Risk, Halcyon Futures, December 2025, accessible here

  • Future of Life Institute (FLI), AI Safety Index, Winter 2025, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Lisa Abraham, Joshua Kavner, & Alvin Moon, A Prisoner’s Dilemma in the Race to Artificial General Intelligence, RAND, Research Report, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Sumaya Nur Adan et al., AI Benefit-Sharing Framework: Balancing Access and Safety, Oxford Martin AI Governance Initiative, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, December 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum & Accenture, From Paradox to Progress: A Net-Positive AI Energy Framework, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2. Europe
1.12.2.1. European Union

  • Danish Institute for Human Rights & European Center for Not-for-Profit Law Stichting, A Guide to Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment (FRIA), December 2025, accessible here;

  • Maximilian Negele et al., Europe and the geopolitics of AGI The need for a preparedness plan, RAND Europe, Centre for Future

  • Generations (CFG), Oxford Martin AI Governance Initiative, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Serious Incidents: Predicting Impact of Fines, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - European Union Data Strategy: Regulating AI-Data Flows, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.2. United Kingdom

  • techUK, A Maturing AI Assurance Ecosystem: Sector Specific Applications, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Connor Attridge, AI and Advanced Materials: Strategic and Security Implications, The Alan Turing Institute, Centre for Emerging Technology and Security (CETaS), December 2025, accessible here

1.12.2.3. Spain

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Spain: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.4. Romania

  • ​Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Romania: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.5. Slovakia

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Slovakia: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.6. Slovenia

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Slovenia: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.7. Poland

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Poland: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.8.  Bulgaria

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Bulgaria: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.4. Asia

1.12.4.1. India

  • nasscom, Interim Guidance for AI Developers in India - Responsible Use of Copyrighted Works in AI Training and Inference, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.4.2. China

  • William C. Hannas et al., China’s Embodied AI: A Path to AGI, Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), December 2025, accessible here

2. Reports, guidelines, recommendations and other documents published by regulatory and supervisory authorities, international organizations, and other public institutions and agencies
2.1. January

2.1.1. International

  • Francesc Pedró & Ana Mendigutxia, The role of higher education in national artificial intelligence strategies: a comparative policy review, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean, January 2025, accessible here;

  • Paris AI Action Summit, Standardization for AI Environmental Sustainability, January 2025, accessible here;

  • Association of Clinical Research Professionals (ACRP), Responsible Oversight of Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Research Professionals, January 2025, accessible here;

  • Conseil économique social et environnemental (CESE), Analyse de controverses: intelligence artificielle, travail et emploi, January 2025, accessible here;

  • Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Governance of AI adoption in central banks, January 2025, accessible here;

2.1.2. Europe

2.1.2.1. European Union

  • DPD en Xarxa, FRIA model: Guide and use cases - FRIA methodology for AI design and development, Autoritat Catalana de Protecció de Dades, Generalitat de Catalunya, January 2025, accessible here

  • European Commission, The impact of human-ai interaction on discrimination - A large case study on human oversight of AI-based decision support systems in lending and hiring scenarios, January 2025, accessible here;

  • European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS), Response to the European AI Office consultation on the AI Act’s definition of AI systems and prohibited practices, January 2025, accessible here;

  • Kris Shrishak, AI-Complex Algorithms and effective Data Protection Supervision - Bias evaluation, European Data Protection Board, January 2025, accessible here;

  • European Data Protection Board, AI-Complex Algorithms and effective Data Protection Supervision - Effective implementation of data subjects’ rights, January 2025, accessible here;

2.1.2.2. United Kingdom

  • Matt Clifford, AI Opportunities Action Plan, Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, January 2025, accessible here;

2.1.3. North America

2.1.3.1. United States of America

  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Device Software Functions: Lifecycle Management and Marketing Submission Recommendations - Draft Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff, January 2025, accessible here;

  • The White House, Fact Sheet: Ensuring U.S. Security and Economic Strength in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, January 2025, accessible here;

  • Bureau of Industry and Security, U.S. Department of Commerce, Framework for Artificial Intelligence Diffusion, January 2025, accessible here;

  • The White House, Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Takes Action to Enhance America’s AI Leadership, January 2025, accessible here;

  • U.S. Department of Homeland Security, DHS Has Taken Steps to Develop and Govern Artificial Intelligence, But More Action is Needed to Ensure Appropriate Use, January 2025, accessible here;

2.1.4. Asia

2.1.4.1. United Arab Emirates

  • Minister for Artificial Intelligence, Digital Economy and Remote Work Applications Office (UAE), Towards a Future of Responsible AI, January 2025, accessible here;

2.1.5. Africa

2.1.5.1. Egypt

  • National Council for Artificial Intelligence, Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy - Second Edition (2025-2030), January 2025, accessible here;

2.1.5.2. Kenya

  • Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy, Kenya National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Strategy 2025–2030, January 2025, accessible here;

2.2. February

2.2.1. International

  • UNESCO, Artificial intelligence and the evolution of AI (model) capabilities: a conceptual primer, February 2025, accessible here;

  • VIGINUM, Challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence in the fight against information manipulation, February 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD & Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), Intellectual property issues in artificial intelligence trained on scraped data, February 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, Enhancing Access to and Sharing of Data in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, February 2025, accessible here;

  • University of California, Berkeley, Intolerable Risk Threshold Recommendations for Artificial Intelligence Key Principles, Considerations, and Case Studies to Inform Industry and Government for Frontier AI Safety Frameworks, February 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, Towards a common reporting framework for AI incidents, February 2025, accessible here;

  • Matei Dohotaru, Prisacaru Marin, Ji Ho Shin, & Yasemin P., AI for Risk-Based Supervision: Another Nice to Have Tool or a Game-Changer, World Bank & Finance for Development (F4D), February 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD AI, G7 reporting framework – Hiroshima AI Process (HAIP) international code of conduct for organizations developing advanced AI systems, February 2025, accessible here;

  • AI Security Institute, Principles for Evaluating Misuse Safeguards of Frontier AI Systems, February 2025, accessible here;

2.2.2. Europe

2.2.2.1. European Union

  • European Commission, Communication to the Commission - Approval of the content of the draft Communication from the Commission - Commission Guidelines on prohibited artificial intelligence practices established by Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Act), February 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Annex to the Communication to the Commission Approval of the content of the draft Communication from the Commission - Commission Guidelines on prohibited artificial intelligence practices established by Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Act), February 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Annex to the Communication to the Commission approval of the content of the draft Communication from the Commission - Commission Guidelines on the definition of an artificial intelligence system established by Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Act), February 2025, accessible here;

  • European Artificial Intelligence Office (AI Office), Living Repository of AI Literacy Practices – v. 31.01.2025, February 2025, accessible here;

  • European Parliament, AI factories, February 2025, accessible here;

  • European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), Artificial intelligence in EU investment funds: adoption, strategies and portfolio exposures, February 2025, accessible here;

  • European Parliament, Algorithmic discrimination under the AI Act and the GDPR, February 2024, accessible here;

  • Andrea Renda et al., A European model for artificial intelligence, European Commission, February 2025, accessible here;

  • Council of Europe, Discussion paper on Draft Recommendation on AI literacy, February 2025, accessible here;

2.2.2.2. United Kingdom

  • Government Digital Service & Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, Artificial Intelligence Playbook for the UK Government, February 2025, accessible here;

2.2.2.3. France

  • Ministère chargé de la santé et de l'accès aux soins, Mettre l'intelligence artificielle au service de la santé, February 2025, accessible here;

  • Palais de l'Élysée, Statement on Inclusive and Sustainable Artificial Intelligence for People and the Planet, February 2025, accessible here;

2.2.2.4.Switzerland

  • Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM) & Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communication (DETEC), Overview of artificial intelligence regulation - Report to the Federal Council, February 2025, accessible here;

2.2.2.5. Italy

  • Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale (AGID), Bozza di linee guida per l’adozione di IA nella pubblica amministrazione, February 2025, accessible here;

2.2.2.6. Netherlands

  • Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (AP), AI & Algorithmic Risks Report Netherlands - Periodic insight into risks and effects of the use of AI and algorithms in the Netherlands, Winter 2024/2025, Fourth edition, February 2025, accessible here

  • Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens, AI systems for making risk assessments regarding criminal offences - Prohibition clause in EU Regulation 2024/1689 (AI Act), February 2025, accessible here;
    UNESCO, The Netherlands - Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report, February 2025, accessible here;

  • Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens, Get started with AI Literacy - Building Knowledge about AI systems at organisation, February 2025, accessible here;

2.2.2.7. Norway

  • Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development, Artificial Intelligence and Democratic Elections – International Experiences and National Recommendations - Report by the Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence and Elections, February 2025, accessible here;

2.2.3. North America

2.2.3.1. United States of America

  • U.S. Copyright Office, Identifying the Economic Implications of Artificial Intelligence for Copyright Policy Context and Direction for Economic Research, February 2025, accessible here;

  • The White House, Public Comment Invited on Artificial Intelligence Action Plan, February 2025, accessible here;

2.2.3.2. Cuba

  • UNESCO, Cuba - Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report, February 2025, accessible here;

2.2.4. South America

2.2.4.1. Brazil

  • UNESCO, Brazil: readiness assessment report on artificial intelligence, February 2025, accessible here;

2.2.5. Asia

  • ASEAN, ASEAN Responsible AI Roadmap (2025-2030), February 2025, accessible here;

2.2.6. Australia (& Oceania)

2.2.6.1. Australia

  • Australian National Audit Office, Governance of Artificial Intelligence at the Australian Taxation Office, February 2025, accessible here;

  • Parliament of Australia, Report 510: Inquiry into the use and governance of artificial intelligence systems by public sector entities - Proceed with Caution, February 2025, accessible here;

2.2.7. Africa

2.2.7.1. South Africa

  • UNESCO, South Africa - Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report, February 2025, accessible here;

2.3. March

2.3.1. International

  • Giacomo Persi Paoli & Yasmin Afina, AI in the Military Domain: A briefing note for States, United Nations, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), March 2025, accessible here;

  • International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), Artificial Intelligence in Capital Markets: Use Cases, Risks, and Challenges, March 2025, accessible here;

  • Leonardo Gambacorta & Vatsala Shreeti, The AI supply chain, Bank for International Settlements (BIS), March 2025, accessible here;

  • World Health Organization, Ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health: Guidance on large multi-modal models, March 2025, accessible here;

2.3.2. Europe

  • European Parliament, EU and UK approaches to AI: Latest developments, March 2025, accessible here;

2.3.2.1. European Union

  • Council of Europe, [DRAFT] Handbook on human rights and artificial intelligence Chapters I, II and III, Steering Committe for Human Rights (CDDH), Drafting Group on Human Rights and Artificial Intelligence (CDDH-IA), March 2025, accessible here & here

  • Mirela Kmetič-Marceau, Angelica Fernandez, & Yannic Duller, AI supervision training toolkit - Building capacity and skills for AI supervisory authorities, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), European Union, March 2025, accessible here

  • European Commission, Model contractual clauses for the public procurement of High-Risk AI (MCC-AI-High-Risk), March 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Commentary - Model Contractual Clauses for the public procurement of AI (MCC-AI), March 2025, accessible here;

  • European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), Using Artificial Intelligence for Investing: What you should consider, March 2025, accessible here;

2.3.2.2. United Kingdom

  • House of Commons, Use of AI in Government, March 2025, accessible here;

2.3.2.3. Germany

  • Bundesministerium des Innern und für Heimat, Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Informationstechnik, & Beratungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz, Leitlinien für den Einsatz Künstlicher Intelligenz in der Bundesverwaltung, March 2025, accessible here;

2.3.2.4. Spain

  • Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública, El Gobierno da luz verde al anteproyecto de ley para un uso ético, inclusivo y beneficioso de la Inteligencia Artificial, March 2025, accessible here;

  • Instituto de Auditores Internos de España & The Institute of Internal Auditors Inc., Internal Audit of Artificial Intelligence Applied To Business Processes, February 2025, accessible here;

2.3.3. North America

2.3.3.1. United States of America

  • Office of California Governor Gavin Newsom, Draft Report of the Joint California Policy Working Group on AI Frontier Models, March 2025, accessible here;

2.3.4. Asia

2.3.4.1. Japan

  • Financial Services Agency, Japan (JFSA, 金融庁), AI Discussion Paper (Version 1.0) - Preliminary Discussion Points for Promoting the Sound Utilization of AI in the Financial Sector, March 2025, accessible here;

2.3.4.2. Philippines

  • UNESCO, Philippines: artificial intelligence readiness assessment report, March 2025, accessible here;

2.3.5. Africa

2.3.5.1. Kenya

  • Republic of Kenya, Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025–2030, March 2025, accessible here;

2.3.5.2. South Africa

  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, FAIR Forward – Artificial Intelligence for All, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Department of Communications and Digital Technologies of the Republic of South Africa, University of the Western Cape, & SAICA, Developing an Artificial Intelligence Maturity Assessment Framework for Sout Africa - First Annual AI Maturity Assessment 2025, March 2025, accessible here;

2.3.5.3. Mozambique

  • UNESCO, Mozambique: artificial intelligence readiness assessment report, March 2025, accessible here;

2.4. April

2.4.1. International

  • Antonio Moreno Rodenas et al., Applications of AI for water management, UNESCO, Deltares, April 2025, accessible here

  • Emma Rockall, Marina M. Tavares, & Carlo Pizzinelli, AI Adoption and Inequality, International Monetary Fund, April 2025, accessible here;

  • International Labour Organization, Revolutionizing health and safety: The role of AI and digitalization at work, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Eugenio M. Cerutti et al., The Global Impact of AI: Mind the Gap, International Monetary Fund, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Governance and implementation of artificial intelligence in central banks, April 2025, accessible here;

  • International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy and AI, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Law Commission of Ontario, AI in Criminal Justice Project (collection), April 2025, accessible here;

2.4.2. Europe

2.4.2.1. European Union

  • European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), Securing Artificial Intelligence (SAI); Baseline Cyber Security Requirements for AI Models and Systems, April 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, April 2025, accessible here;

  • European Parliament, Defence and artificial intelligence, April 2025, accessible here;

  • European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), Artificial Intelligence for Investing, April 2025, accessible here;

  • European Digital Education Hub, Explainable AI in education - Fostering human oversight and shared responsibility, April 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Challenges and opportunities for the EU labour market from AI development, April 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Call for evidence for an initiative (without an impact assessment) - Apply AI strategy, April 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Call for evidence for an initiative (without an impact assessment) - A European strategy for AI in science - paving the way for a European AI research council, April 2025, accessible here;

  • European Law Institute (ELI), Guiding Principles and Model Rules on Digital Assistants for Consumer Contracts, April 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Framework conditions and funding for AI in science - Mutual learning exercise on national policies for AI in science: first thematic report, April 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Infrastructures for AI in science - Mutual learning exercise on national policies for AI in science: second thematic report, April 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Talent for AI in science - Mutual learning exercise on national policies on AI in science: third thematic report, April 2025, accessible here;

2.4.2.2. United Kingdom

  • Bank of England, Financial Stability in Focus: Artificial intelligence in the financial system, April 2025, accessible here;

2.4.3. North America

2.4.3.1. United States of America

  • The White House, Accelerating Federal Use of AI through Innovation, Governance, and Public Trust, April 2025, accessible here;

  • The White House, Driving Efficient Acquisition of Artificial Intelligence in Government, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Office of the New York City Comptroller, New York State Artificial Intelligence Governance, April 2025, accessible here;
    U.S. Air Force, Air Force Doctrine Note 25-1, Artificial Intelligence (AI), April 2025, accessible here;

2.4.4. Asia

2.4.4.1. India

  • Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (India), AI Playbook for Cities Harnessing the Potential of Artificial Intelligence, April 2025, accessible here;

2.4.4.2. Japan

  • Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications & Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan), AI Guidelines for Business - Ver1.1, April 2025, accessible here;

2.4.4.3. Oman

  • Ministry of Transport, Communications and Information Technology (Oman), Public Policy for Safe and Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems, April 2025, accessible here;

2.5. May
2.5.1. International

  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Issue brief on AI and digital transformation: capacity building in the public sector, G20 South Africa 2025, May 2025, accessible here

  • OECD, Boston Consulting Group (BCG) & INSEAD, The Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Firms New Evidence for Policymaking, May 2025, accessible here;

  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 2025 - A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI, May 2025, accessible here;

  • UNESCO, Freedom of Expression, Artificial Intelligence and Elections, May 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, What should teachers teach and students learn in a future of powerful AI?, May 2025, accessible here;

2.5.2. Europe

2.5.2.1. European Union

  • European Commission, European Digital Innovation Hubs Network & European Artificial Intelligence Office, A brief guide about the European AI innovation ecosystem, May 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, AI Literacy - Questions & Answers, May 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, European Artificial Intelligence Office & CEPS, Analysis of EU AI Office stakeholder consultations: defining AI systems and prohibited applications, May 2025, accessible here;

  • European Parliament (Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs), Draft report on impact of artificial intelligence on the financial sector (2025/2056(INI)), May 2025, accessible here;

  • Council of the European Union, Towards an EU Strategy on Artificial Intelligence in Science - Council conclusions approved on 23 May 2025, May 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission & OECD (with Code.org), Empowering Learners for the Age of AI - An AI Literacy Framework for Primary and Secondary Education, May 2025, accessible here;

2.5.2.2. United Kingdom

  • AI Security Institute, The UK AI Security Institute’s - Research Agenda, May 2025, accessible here;

2.5.2.3. Irland

  • Department of Public Expenditure NDP Delivery & Reform (Ireland), Guidelines for the Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Service, May 2025, accessible here;

2.5.2.4. Luxembourg

  • Government of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Accelerating digital sovereignty 2030 - Luxembourg’s AI Strategy, May 2025, accessible here;

2.5.2.5. Poland

  • Krajowa Izba Radców Prawnych, AI in the work of an attorney-at-law, May 2025, accessible here;

2.5.3. North America

2.5.3.1. United States of America

  • U.S. Government Accountability Office, Artificial Intelligence: Use and Oversight in Financial Services, May 2025, accessible here;
    United States Marine Corps, Artificial Intelligence Implementation Plan, May 2025, accessible here;

2.5.4. South America

2.5.4.1. Peru

  • UNESCO, Perú: Evaluación del estadio de preparación de la inteligencia artificial, May 2025, accessible here;

2.5.5. Australia (& Oceania)

2.5.5.1. Australia

  • Digital Transformation Agency (Australian Government), Artificial Intelligence (AI) Model Clauses, May 2025, accessible here;

2.5.6. Africa

2.5.6.1. Mauritius

  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Mauritius - Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report, May 2025, accessible here

2.6. June

2.6.1. International

  • OECD, Introducing the OECD AI Capability Indicators, June 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, Sharing trustworthy AI models with privacy-enhancing technologies, June 2025, accessible here;

  • INTERPOL & United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI), Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Law Enforcement, June 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, AI, data governance and privacy - Synergies and areas of international co-operation, June 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, AI and the future of social protection in OECD countries, June 2025, accessible here;

  • World Bank Group, Devising a Strategic Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Handbook for Policy Makers, June 2025, accessible here;

  • State of Maine, An Act to Ensure Transparency in Consumer Transactions Involving Artificial Intelligence, June 2025, accessible here;

  • International Telecommunication Union (ITU), AI Standards for Global Impact: From Governance to Action, September 2025, accessible here;

2.6.2. Europe

2.6.2.1. European Union

  • Federal Office for Information Security (BSI), Test Criteria Catalogue for AI Systems in Finance, June 2025, accessible here;

  • Marco Almada, Training curriculum on AI and data protection - Law & Compliance in AI Security & Data Protection, European Data Protection Board, June 2025, accessible here;

  • European Parliament, AI Act implementation timeline, June 2025, accessible here;

  • European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) & Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD), TechDispatch #1/2025 - Federated Learning, June 2025, accessible here;

  • Enrico Glerean, Fundamentals of Secure AI Systems with Personal Data, European Data Protection Board, June 2025, accessible here;

  • Europol, AI bias in law enforcement - A practical guide, June 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Study on the deployment of AI in healthcare, June 2025, accessible here;

2.6.2.2. United Kingdom

  • UK Department for Education, The safe and effective use of AI in education - Leadership toolkit video transcripts, June 2025, accessible here;

2.6.2.3. France

  • Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL), La base légale de l’intérêt légitime: fiche focus sur les mesures à prendre en cas de collecte des données par moissonnage (web scraping), June 2025, accessible here;

  • Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL), IA: Mobiliser la base légale de l’intérêt légitime pour développer un système d’IA, June 2025, accessible here;

2.6.2.4. Portugal

  • Agência para a Modernização Administrativa (AMA, IP), Guia para a Inteligência Artificial & Ferramenta de Avaliação do Risco Ético, June 2025, accessible here;

2.6.3. North America

2.6.3.1. Antigua and Barbuda

  • UNESCO, Antigua and Barbuda - Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report, June 2025, accessible here;

2.6.4. Asia

  • United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), Artificial Intelligence Futures for the Arab Region, June 2025, accessible here;

2.6.4.1. Thailand

  • UNESCO, Thailand: artificial intelligence readiness assessment report, June 2025, accessible here;

2.6.5. Africa

2.6.5.1. Senegal

  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Sénégal: Intelligence Artificielle Rapport d'Évaluation de l'État de Préparation ("Senegal: Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report"), June 2025, accessible here

2.6.5.2. Zimbabwe

  • UNESCO, Artificial intelligence readiness assessment report: Zimbabwe, June 2025, accessible here;

2.7. July

2.7.1. International

  • ​United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Artificial Intelligence in the Military Domain and its Implications for International Peace and Security - An Evidence-Based Road Map for Future Policy Action, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Caroline Butler & Cindy Parokkil, Policy paper: building trust in multimedia authenticity through international standards, IEC, ISO, & International Telecommunication Union (ITU), July 2025, accessible here;

  • UNICRI Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, AI Literacy - A Guide for Parents, July 2025, accessible here;

  • UNESCO, The 3rd Global Forum on the Ethics of AI: recap, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Juan Jung & Raúl Katz, Impacto económico de la inteligencia artificial en América Latina: transformación tecnológica y rezago en materia de inversión y capacidades laborales, ECLAC under the European Union–EU-LAC Digital Accelerator, July 2025, accessible here;

  • World Governments Summit & KPMG, The Future of AI Governance: The UAE Charter and Global Perspectives, July 2025, accessible here;

  • International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Measuring What Matters: How to Assess AI’s Environmental Impact, July 2025, accessible here;

  • International Telecommunication Union (ITU), AI for Good Innovate for Impact - Interim Report 2025, July 2025, accessible here;

  • International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & World Health Organization, Shaping ethics, regulation and standardization in AI for health - ITU-WHO Focus Group on AI for Health, July 2025, accessible here;

  • World Health Organization, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), & World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Mapping the application of artificial intelligence in traditional medicine: technical brief, July 2025, accessible here;

2.7.2. Europe

2.7.2.1. European Union

  • European Commission, European Commission launches call for applications to join AI Act Advisory Forum, July 2025, accessible here;

  • European Parliament, Artificial Intelligence and Civil Liability - A European Perspective, July 2025, accessible here;

  • European Defence Agency, Trustworthiness for AI in Defense - Developing Responsible, Ethical, and Trustworthy AI Systems for
    European Defence, July 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, AI-driven Innovation in Medical Imaging - Focus on Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, July 2025, accessible here;

2.7.2.2. United Kingdom

  • Ministry of Justice UK, AI action plan for justice, July 2025, accessible here;
    Law Commission, Artificial Intelligence and the Law: a discussion paper, July 2025, accessible here;

2.7.2.3. Netherlands

  • Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens, Rapportage AI & Algoritmes – Nederland, July 2025, accessible here;

2.7.2.4. France

  • Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL), AI: The CNIL finalises its recommendations on the development of artificial intelligence systems and announces its upcoming work, July 2025, accessible here;

2.7.3. North America

2.7.3.1. United States of America

  • White House, Winning the race - America's AI Action Plan, July 2025, accessible here;

2.7.4. Asia

2.7.4.1. China

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, Global AI Governance Action Plan, July 2025, accessible here;

2.7.4.2. Cambodia

  • UNESCO, Cambodia: artificial intelligence readiness assessment report, July 2025, accessible here;

2.7.4.3. Maldives

  • UNESCO, Maldives: artificial intelligence readiness assessment report, July 2025, accessible here;

2.7.5. Australia (& Oceania)

2.7.5.1. Australia

  • Digital Transformation Agency of the Australian Government, Technical standard for government’s use of artificial intelligence - Australian Government AI technical standard, July 2025, accessible here;

2.7.5.2. New Zealand

  • New Zealand Government, New Zealand’s Strategy for Artificial Intelligence: Investing with confidence - Accelerating Private Sector AI Adoption and Innovation, July 2025, accessible here;

  • New Zealand Government, Responsible AI Guidance for Businesses - Investing with confidence: Accelerating Private Sector AI Adoption and Innovation, July 2025, accessible here;

2.7.6. Africa

2.7.6.1. Kenya

  • UNESCO, Kenya: artificial intelligence readiness assessment report, July 2025, accessible here;

2.8. August

2.8.1. International

  • UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Preparing to seize artificial intelligence opportunities with strategic national policies, August 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, AI openness: A primer for policymakers, August 2025, accessible here;

  • United Nations General Assembly, Terms of reference and modalities for the establishment and functioning of the Independent International Scientific Panel on Artificial Intelligence and the Global Dialogue on Artificial Intelligence Governance, August 2025, accessible here;

2.8.2. Europe

2.8.2.1. European Union

  • European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA), Opinion on AI governance and risk management, August 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Artificial intelligence and digitalisation for energy – a roadmap, August 2025, accessible here;

  • European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), Ethics for Artificial Intelligence in Aviation - Aviation Professionals Survey Results 2024/2025, August 2025, accessible here;

2.8.2.2. Germany

  • Kristina Müller & Regina Wigand, Zu rechtlichen Vorgaben der Verordnung über Künstliche Intelligenz für den Einsatz von KI in Behörden der EU-Mitgliedstaaten, Deutscher Bundestag, August 2025, accessible here;

2.8.2.3. Italy

  • Ministero dell'istruzione e del merito, Linee guida per l’introduzione dell’Intelligenza Artificiale nelle Istituzioni scolastiche, August 2025, accessible here;

2.8.3. North America

2.8.3.1. United States of America

  • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), SP 800-53 Control Overlays for Securing AI Systems Concept Paper, August 2025, accessible here;

  • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Quick-Start Guide for Using CSF 2.0 to Improve Management of Emerging Cybersecurity Risks, August 2025, accessible here;

2.8.4. South America

2.8.4.1. Argentina

  • Colegio Público de Abogados de Capital Federal (CPACF), Criterios orientadores para un uso ético y responsable de la Inteligencia Artificial en la Abogacía, August 2025, accessible here;

2.8.4.2. Curação

  • UNESCO, Curaçao: artificial intelligence readiness assessment report, August 2025, accessible here;

2.8.5. Asia

2.8.5.2. India

  • Reserve Bank of India (RBI), FREE-AI Committee Report Framework for Responsible and Ethical Enablement of Artificial Intelligence, August 2025, accessible here;

2.8.5.1. Malaysia

  • Bank Negara Malaysia, Artificial Intelligence in the Malaysian Financial Sector, August 2025, accessible here;

2.8.6. Australia (& Oceania)

2.8.6.1. Australia

  • Department of Industry, Science and Resources of the Australian Government, Australian Responsible AI Index 2025 - Fifth Quadrant National Artificial Intelligence Centre, August 2025, accessible here;

2.8.7. Africa

2.8.7.1. Namibia

  • UNESCO, Artificial intelligence readiness assessment report: Namibia, August 2025, accessible here;

2.9. September

2.9.1. International

  • UNESCO, AI and the future of education: Disruptions, dilemmas and directions, September 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, Governing with Artificial Intelligence - The State of Play and Way Forward in Core Government Functions, September 2025, accessible here;

  • World Trade Organization, World Trade Report 2025 - Making trade and AI work together to the benefit of all, September 2025, accessible here;

  • Fernando Perez-Cru et al., Managing explanations: how regulators can address AI explainability, Bank for International Settlements (BIS), September 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, Teacher policies to support the use of digital resources in the classroom, September 2025, accessible here;

  • International Telecommunication Union (ITU), AI Standards for Global Impact: From Governance to Action, September 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, How are AI developers managing risks? Insights from responses to the reporting framework of the Hiroshima AI Process Code of Conduct, September 2025, accessible here;

  • International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO policy brief: Harnessing international standards for responsible AI development and governance, September 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, Identifying emerging AI technologies using patent data - A semi-automated approach, September 2025, accessible here;

  • World Bank Group, Building Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence Frameworks, Applications, and Self-Assessment for Readiness, September 2025, accessible here;

  • Yik-chan Chin et al., Interoperability in AI Safety Governance: Ethics, Regulations, and Standards - The United Kingdom, South Korea, China and Singapore, United Nations University Institute in Macau, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.2. Europe
2.9.2.1. European Union

  • Yannic Duller, Development and Deployment of a Modular Chatbot System for Public Sector Use: an EU AI Act Perspective - Project: Supervising AI by Competent Authorities, Case Study, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Rijksinspectie Digitale Infrastructuur, European Union, September 2025, accessible here

  • European Commission, Stakeholder consultation on transparency requirements for certain AI systems under Article 50 AI Act, September 2025, accessible here;

  • Juan Manuel Aguilar Antonio, Use of Artificial Intelligence by High Risk Criminal Networks, EL PAcCTO with the financial support of the European Union, September 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Artificial intelligence in the sport sector - A paper from the SHARE 2.0 initiative, September 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, AI super-resolution of satellite imagery - The evidential paradigm shift in CAP monitoring: technical and operational considerations, September 2025, accessible here;

  • Lorenzo Bertolini et al., Explainable AI in Cardiovascular Health - Methods, Applications, and Innovations, European Commission, September 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Public consultation on draft guidance and a reporting template for serious AI incidents under the European Union AI Act, September 2025, accessible here;

  • European Parliament, Making Europe an AI continent, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.2.2. United Kingdom

  • UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, Trusted third-party AI assurance roadmap, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.2.3. Netherlands

  • Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, AI Act Guide, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.2.4. France

  • République française, Campus Cyber, Wavestone, Groupe SNCF, AMIAD, Sanofi, BNP Paribas, & Cabinet Louis Reynaud - CLR Labs, AI & Cyber: un exercice de crise pour renforcer la collaboration, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.2.5. Irland

  • OECD & Irish Department of Education, The impact of digital technologies on students’ learning in Ireland - Key considerations from peers’ experience, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.3. North America

2.9.3.1. United States of America

  • U.S. Government Accountability Office, Artificial Intelligence - Federal Efforts Guided by Requirements and Advisory Groups, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.3.2. Jamaica

2.9.4. SouthAmerica

  • UNESCO, Jamaica: Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.4.1. Peru

  • Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros, Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial 2026-2030 ("National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2026-2030"), Perú 2026-2030, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.5. Asia

2.9.5.1. Malaysia

  • UNESCO, Malaysia - Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.5.2. India

  • Competition Commission of India, Market Study on Artificial Intelligence and Competition, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.5.3. Timor-Leste

  • UNESCO, Timor-Leste: Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.6. Africa

2.9.6.1. Egypt

  • UNESCO, Egypt - Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.6.2. Ghana

  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH & Heritors Labs Ltd, Ghana Artificial Intelligence Practitioners’ Guide, September 2025, accessible here;

2.10. October
2.10.1. International

  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Hands-On AI Supervision: Lessons from Practice - Digitised Visual Outputs from UNESCO’s 2nd Expert Roundtable on Capacity Building for AI Supervisory Authorities, European Union, October 2025, accessible here

  • OECD, Mapping relevant data collection mechanisms for AI training, October 2025, accessible here;

  • International Monetary Fund (IMF), Parma Bains et al., AI Projects in Financial Supervisory Authorities - A Toolkit for Successful Implementation, October 2025, accessible here;

  • International Telecommunication Union (ITU), The Annual AI Governance Report 2025: Steering the Future of AI, October 2025, accessible here;

  • Financial Stability Board (FSB), Artificial Intelligence and Related Vulnerabilities in the Financial Sector, October 2025, accessible here;

  • Bank for International Settlements (BIS), The use of artificial intelligence for policy purposes - Report submitted to the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, October 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, Measuring domestic public cloud compute availability for artificial intelligence, October 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD & G7, Algorithmic pricing and competition in G7 jurisdictions - Emerging trends and responses, October 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, Artificial Intelligence for Advancing Smart Cities - 5th OECD Roundtable on Smart Cities and Inclusive Growth, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.2. Europe
2.10.2.1. European Union​

  • Barbara De Micheli et al., Digitalisation, artificial intelligence and algorithmic management in the workplace: Shaping the future of work - Cost of non-Europe, European Added Value Unit of the Directorate for Impact Assessment and Foresight, Directorate-General for European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), European Parliament, October 2025, accessible here;

  • Apply AI Strategy, October 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council - A European Strategy for Artificial Intelligence in Science: Paving the way for the Resource for AI Science in Europe (RAISE), October 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, AI Act Single Information Platform, October 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Erasmo Purificato et al., The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Research - A Science for Policy,

  • European Perspective, October 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, AI Act Service Desk - Frequently Asked Questions, October 2025, accessible here;

  • European Parliament, Digitalisation, artificial intelligence and algorithmic management in the workplace: Shaping the future of work, October 2025, accessible here;

  • European Parliament, Hans Graux et al., Interplay between the AI Act and the EU digital legislative framework, October 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Alice Bertoletti, Judith Cosgrove, & Montserrat López Cobo, AI skills supply and demand - An analysis through online job advertisements and education and training offer, October 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Elodie Carpentier, Daniel Nepelski, & Juan Torrecillas Jódar, Advancing AI adoption - Strengths and gaps in the European digital innovation hubs network: insights from the first generation of EDIHs, October 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, David Fernández Llorca & Emilia Gómez (eds.), John Burden et al., A framework for general-purpose AI model categorisation - Collection of external scientific studies on general-purpose AI models under the EU AI Act, October 2025, accessible here;

  • Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe, The human line: safeguarding rights and democracy in the AI era, October 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, BRIDGE - Artificial intelligence, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.2.2. Netherlands

  • Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (AP), RAN special: AI chatbots as voting aid, Report AI & Algorithms Netherlands, Department for the Coordination of Algorithmic oversight (DCA), October 2025, accessible here;

  • Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (AP), Building AI literacy - A prerequisite for responsible AI, October 2025, accessible here

2.10.2.3. United Kingdom

  • AI Security Institute, Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, International AI Safety Report - First Key Update: Capabilities and Risk Implications, October 2025, accessible here;

  • UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, AI Growth Lab - A call for evidence, October 2025, accessible here;

  • UK Courts & Tribunals Judiciary, Artificial Intelligence (AI) - Guidance for Judicial Office Holders, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.2.4. Spain

  • Ilustre Colegio de la Abogacía de Madrid, Guía ICAM de Buenas Prácticas para el uso de la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) en la Abogacía, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.2.5. Ireland

  • Department of Education and Youth of the Government of Ireland, Guidance on Artificial Intelligence in Schools, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.3. Asia

2.10.3.1. India

  • NITI Aayog & Deloitte, AI for Inclusive Societal Development, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.3.2. Vietnam

  • OECD, Viet Nam: Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.3.3. United Arab Emirates

  • Department of Health Abu Dhabi, Responsible Artificial Intelligence (AI) Standard, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.4. Australia (& Oceania)
2.10.4.1. Australia

  • Jia-Urnn Lee et al., Governance in the Age of AI: Readiness and Responsible Leadership, Queensland Government, FrontierSI, October 2025, accessible here;

  • Department of Industry, Science and Resources of the Australian Government, AI policy guide and template, October 2025, accessible here;

  • Department of Industry, Science and Resources of the Australian Government, Guidance for AI Adoption: Foundations - Six essential practices for responsible AI governance, October 2025, accessible here;

  • Department of Industry, Science and Resources of the Australian Government, Guidance for AI Adoption: Implementation practices - Detailed guidance for responsible AI governance, October 2025, accessible here;

  • Department of Industry, Science and Resources of the Australian Government, AI screening tool, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.5. Africa

2.10.5.1. Botswana

  • UNESCO, Botswana: Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report, October 2025, accessible here;

2.11. November
2.11.1. International

  • World Bank Group, Digital Progress and Trends Report 2025: Strengthening AI Foundations, December 2025, accessible here;

  • World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU), Whitepaper: Navigating the Ethical Landscape of Artificial Intelligence in Credit Unions, November 2025, accessible here;

  • International Task Force on Teachers for Education 2030, Promoting and protecting teacher agency in the age of artificial intelligence, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), November 2025, accessible here;

  • World Internet Conference (WIC), Advancing a Global Framework for Al Safety and Governance for the Well-being of Humanity, Al Safety and Governance Program of World Internet Conference Specialized Committee on Artificial Intelligence, November 2025, accessible here

  • Mindforge - The MindForge Consortium, AI Risk Management: Executive Handbook, Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), November 2025, accessible here

  • World Bank Group, Gian Boeddu et al., Artificial Intelligence for Financial Sector Supervision: An Emerging Market and Developing Economies Perspective, November 2025, accessible here;

  • Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Juan-Carlos Crisanto et al., Smart supervision: sound capacity development approaches for tech-savvy supervisors, November 2025, accessible here;

  • United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), AI & PPPs: Unlocking sustainable, resilient infrastructure for the SDGs - Policy Brief No. 1: Introduction to the Series, November 2025, accessible here;

  • World Health Organization (WHO), Artificial intelligence is reshaping health systems: state of readiness across the WHO European Region, November 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, OECD AI Capability Indicators Technical Report, November 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum (WEF) & OECD, AI in Strategic Foresight: Reshaping Anticipatory Governance, November 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD, Artificial intelligence and competitive dynamics in downstream markets, November 2025, accessible here;

  • Supreme Court of India, White Paper on Artificial Intelligence and Judiciary, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.2. Europe
2.11.2.1. European Union

  • Arba Kokalari, Report on the impact of artificial intelligence on the financial sector (2025/2056(INI)), Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, European Parliament, November 2025, accessible here;

  • Andrea Mazelliu et al., Protecting Human Rights in the age of Artificial Intelligence: EU & Albanian legislation approaches, Cluster One EU Negotiations Platform – Albania (C1-EU-NPA), Albanian Helsinki Committee (AHC), The Science and Innovation for Development Centre (SCiDEV), Kingdom of Netherlands, November 2025, acessible here;

  • Elona Shatri, Transparency Labelling under the AI Act (Article 50) - Project: Supervising AI by Competent Authorities, Case Study, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Rijksinspectie Digitale Infrastructuur (RDI), European Union, November 2025, accessible here

  • Council of Europe, CDDH Study on the need for and feasibility of (an) additional non-binding instrument(s) to complement the 2011 Committee of Ministers’ Guidelines on eradicating impunity for serious human rights violations, Steering Committe for Human Rights (CDDH), CDDH(2025)R103 Addendum 2, November 2025, accessible here; & here

  • OECD, Progress in Implementing the European Union Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (Volume 1) - Member States’ Actions, November 2025, accessible here;

  • European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS), Guidance for Risk Management of Artificial Intelligence systems, November 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Report for Serious Incidents under the AI Act (General-Purpose AI Models with Systemic Risk), November 2025, accessible here;

  • Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (AP) | Dutch DPA, AI systems for social scoring - Summary of responses and next steps, November 2025, accessible here;

  • Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (AP) | Dutch DPA, AI systems for making risk assessment regarding criminal offences - Summary of responses and next steps, November 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council - Data Union Strategy: Unlocking Data for AI, November 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document - Accompanying the documents: Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulations (EU) 2016/679, (EU) 2018/1724, (EU) 2018/1725, (EU) 2023/2854 and Directives 2002/58/EC, (EU) 2022/2555 and (EU) 2022/2557 as regards the simplification of the digital legislative framework, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2018/1807, (EU) 2019/1150, (EU) 2022/868, and Directive (EU) 2019/1024 (Digital Omnibus) & Amending Regulations (EU) 2024/1689 and (EU) 2018/1139 as regards the simplification of the implementation of harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Digital Omnibus on AI), November 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Commission launches whistleblower tool for AI Act, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.2.2. Portugal

  • OECD, Progress in Implementing the European Union Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (Volume 1): Portugal, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.2.3. Switzerland

  • Bundesamt für Justiz BJ, Wie lässt sich die KI-Konvention des Europarats ins Schweizer Recht umsetzen? Synthese der partizipativen Arbeitstagung vom 27.10.2025 zur Umsetzung der KI-Konvention des Europarats ("How can the Council of Europe's AI Convention be implemented into Swiss law? Synthesis of the participatory workshop of October 27, 2025, on the implementation of the Council of Europe's AI Convention"), Expedition Future, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.3. North America

2.11.3.1. United States of America

  • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Razvan Amironesei et al., Assessing Risks and Impacts of AI (ARIA) - ARIA 0.1: Pilot Evaluation Report, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.4. South America

2.11.4.1. Equador

  • OECD, Ecuador: Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.4.2. Chile

  • Armando Guio Español, Propuesta de Sandbox Regulatorio de IA en Logística Urbana - Documento técnico para discusión ("Proposal for a Regulatory Sandbox for AI in Urban Logistics - Technical document for discussion"), Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo, Global Network of Internet and Society Research Centers, Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe (CAF), November 2025, accessible here

2.11.4.3. Paraguay

  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paraguay: evaluación del estadio de preparación de la inteligencia artificial ("Paraguay: Artifical Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report"), November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.5. Asia

2.11.5.1. India

  • Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Digital India Corporation, AI Impact Summit, & IndiaAI, India AI Governance Guidelines - Enabling Safe and Trusted AI Innovation, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.5.2. Singapore

  • Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), Consultation Paper on Guidelines on Artificial Intelligence Risk Management, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.5.3. Bangladesh

  • UNESCO, Bangladesh: artificial intelligence readiness assessment report, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.6. Australia (& Oceania)

2.11.6.1. Australia

  • Australian Government, AI Plan for the Australian Public Service, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.7. Africa
2.11.7.1. South Africa

  • Artificial Intelligence in the South African Financial Sector, FSCA South Africa, South African Reserve Bank, Nolwazi Hlophe & Lebogang Mabetha, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.7.2. Democratic Republic of the Congo

  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), République Démocratique du Congo: rapport d'évaluation de la préparation à l'intelligence artificielle ("Democratic Republic of Congo: Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report"), November 2025, accessible here

2.12. December

2.12.1. International

  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), AI adoption by small and medium‑sized enterprises - OECD discussion paper for the G7, December 2025, accessible here;

  • United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Guidance on AI and children - Updated guidance for governments and businesses to create AI policies and systems that uphold children’s rights, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Harnessing Artificial Intelligence in Social Security - Use Cases, Governance and Workforce Readiness, December 2025, accessible here

  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), The Next Great Divergence - Why Al may widen inequality between countries, December 2025, accessible here

  • Bas Testerink, Guidelines for developing Artificial Intelligence Strategies in Justice and Security, EL PAcCTO, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Australian Signals Directorate’s Australian Cyber Security Centre, U.S. National Security Agency’s Artificial Intelligence Security Center, U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Canadian Centre for Cyber Security, German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI), Netherlands National Cyber Security Centre, New Zealand National Cyber Security Centre, & United Kingdom National Cyber Security Centre, Principles for the Secure Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Operational Technology, December 2025, accessible here

  • Juan David Gutiérrez, Guidelines for the use of AI systems in courts and tribunals, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), December 2025, accessible here

  • Leonardo Gambacorta et al., Artificial intelligence and growth in advanced and emerging economies: short-run impact, Bank for International Settlements (BIS), BIS Working Papers no 1321, December 2025, accessible here;

  • AI Security Institute (AISI), Al Security Institute Frontier Al Trends Report, December 2025, accessible here

  • Xiang-Li Lim, Puja Singh, & Richard Stobo, Regulatory Considerations Regarding Accelerated Use of AI in Securities Markets, International Monetary Fund (IMF), December 2025, accessible here;

  • International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), & International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Technical paper on AI and Multimedia Authenticity Standards, Mapping the Standardisation Landscape, November 2025, accessible here

  • Astana Civil Service Hub (ACSH), Ministry of the Interior and Safety, Republic of Korea, National Information Society Agency (NIA) & United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Global approaches to AI governance: Policy, Legal, and Regulatory Perspectives, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Tania Chaar et al., AI and the global productivity divide - Fuel for the fast or a lift for the laggards?, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers No. 51, December 2025, accessible here

  • Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Horizon Scan: Artificial Intelligence and Deepfakes - Impacts on Money Laundering, terrorist Financing and Proliferation Financing, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Stefano Sedola, Andrea Pescino, & Enrico Sartor, AI maturity framework: a self-positioning guide for public administrations, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), European Union, StratejAI, Digitaal Vlaanderen, Vlaamse overheid, February 2026, accessible here

  • UNESCO, funded by the European Union, Pathways on capacity building for AI supervisory authorities: Insights and recommendations from the 1st UNESCO expert roundtable on AI supervision, December 2025, accessible here;
    OECD, Synthetic biology, AI and automation - A forward-looking technology assessment, November 2025, accessible here;
    OECD, Artificial intelligence in Asia's financial sector, December 2025, accessible here;

2.12.2. Europe
2.12.2.1. European Union

  • European Parliament resolution of 17 December 2025 with recommendations to the Commission on digitalisation, artificial intelligence and algorithmic management in the workplace – shaping the future of work (2025/2080(INL)), P10_TA(2025)0337, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Davide Curro et al., How AI is shaping EU electricity grids: the impact of AI Act, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Publications Office of the European Union, December 2025, accessible here;

  • European Data Protection Board (EDPB), Opinion 28/2024 on certain data protection aspects related to the processing of personal data in the context of AI models, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Mar Negreiro, Search engines in times of Artificial Intelligence, European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here

  • European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS), Getting ready: Preparing the EU public administration for the AI Act - High-Risk AI Systems Mapping Report in European Institutions, Agencies and Bodies, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Christian Peukert, The economics of copyright and AI - Empirical evidence and optimal policy, Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs/ Directorate-General for Citizens' Rights, Justice and Institutional Affairs, European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here

  • Konstantinos Andronikidis, Artificial Intelligence in School Education - An overview of policy priorities and initiatives across 23 education systems, European Schoolnet, December 2025, accessible here

  • Fabien Petit, The future employment impact of artificial intelligence and emerging digital technologies in Europe, European Commission, Social Situation Monitor, ICF, HiVA, Publications Office of the European Union, November 2025, accessible here;

  • Committe on Legal Affairs, Opinion on the legal basis of the recommendations to the Commission on digitalisation, artificial intelligence and algorithmic management in the workplace – shaping the future of work (2025/2080(INL)), European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here

  • Kris Shrishak & Soizic Pénicaud, European policy guidelines on AI and algorithm-driven discrimination for equality bodies and other national human rights structures, Council of Europe, European Union, Interfederal Centre for Equal Opportunities (Unia), Non-Discrimination Ombudsman (YVV), Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality (CIG), December 2025, accessible here

  • European Parliament, Cloud and AI development act, December 2025, accessible here;
    European Commission, Hybrid AI to Enhance Legal Drafting with LEOS, December 2025, accessible here;

2.12.2.2. Spain

  • Agencia Española de Supervisión de Inteligencia Artificial (AESIA), Guidelines for implementing and complying with European Union AI regulation within Spain’s AI regulatory sandbox, December 2025, accessible here;

2.12.2.3. United Kingdom

  • Sam Money-Kyrle & Lydia Harris, Artificial intelligence (AI) and employment, POST, UK Parliament, POSTnote 757, December 2025, accessible here

2.12.3. North America

2.12.3.1. United States of America

  • American Bar Association, Addressing the Legal Challenges of AI - Year 2 Report on the Impact of AI on the Practice of Law, ABA Task Force on Law and Artificial Intelligence, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Katerina Megas et al., Cybersecurity Framework Profile for Artificial Intelligence (Cyber AI Profile), NIST IR 8596 (Initial Preliminary Draft), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), December 2025, accessible here

2.12.4. Asia
2.12.4.1. South Korea

  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), How can AI help make better regional development policies in Korea, OECD Regional Development Papers, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Ministry of Science and ICT of the Republic of Korea (MSIT) & Korea Internet & Security Agency (KISA), Artificial Intelligence (AI) Security Guide (“인공지능(AI) 보안 안내서”), December 2025, accessible here;

2.12.4.3. India

  • Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India, Democratising Access to AI Infrastructure, India's AI Policy Priorities White Paper Series, December 2025, accessible here

2.12.5. Australia (& Oceania)
2.12.5.1. Australia

  • Digital Transformation Agency, Guidance for the artificial intelligence impact assessment tool, Australian Government, December 2025, accessible here; 

  • Digital Transformation Agency, Artificial Intelligence Impact Assessment Tool, Australian Government, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Departmente of Industry, Science and Resources, National AI Plan, Australian Government, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Australian Government, Policy for the responsible use of AI in government, December 2025, accessible here;

3. Legislations, regulations, & other legislative instruments

3.1. March

3.1.1. European Union

3.1.1.1. Spain

  • Secretaría de Estado de Digitalización e Inteligencia Artificial, Draft Law for the Good Use and Governance of Artificial Intelligence, March 2025, accessible here;

3.1.1.2. Italy

  • Italian Parliament, Bill no. 2316 (AI legislative framework aligned with the EU AI Act), March 2025, accessible here;

3.2. April

3.2.1. North America

3.2.1.1. United States of America

  • U.S. Congress, S.146 - Take It Down Act, April 2025, accessible here;
    The White House, Executive Order - Advancing Artificial Intelligence Education for American Youth, April 2025, accessible here;

3.3. September

3.3.1. North America

3.3.1.1. United States of America

  • California Senate Bill No. 53, Chapter 138, Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (TFAIA), September 2025, accessible here;

3.4. November

3.4.1. Europe

3.4.1.1. European Union

  • European Commission, Digital Package on Simplification - Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on the simplification of the implementation of artificial intelligence rules, amending Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Digital Omnibus on AI), November 2025, accessible here;

  • Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union amending Regulations (EU) 2024/1689 and (EU) 2018/1139 as regards the simplification of the implementation of harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Digital Omnibus on AI), November 2025, accessible here;

3.5. December

3.5.1. Europe
3.5.1.1. European Union

  • Regulation (EU) 2025/2509 of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union of 26 November 2025 on the safety of toys and repealing Directive 2009/48/EC, European Union, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Draft - Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) …/... of XXX laying down rules for the application of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the establishment, development, implementation, operation and supervision of AI regulatory sandboxes, European Commission, December 2025, accessible here

3.5.2. North America
3.5.2.1. United States of America

  • Executive Order, Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence, The White House, December 2025, accessible here;

4. Litigation & case-law
4.1. April
4.1.1. North America

4.1.1. United States of America

  • United States District Court, Southern District of New York, Indictment (AI-driven securities and wire fraud), 25 Cr., United States of America v. Albert Saniger (Defandant), April 2025, accessible here

B. General-purpose artificial intelligence (GPAI), foundation models (FMs), & large language models (LLMs)
1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. January
1.1.1. International

  • Anthony Barrett et al., AI Risk-Management Standards Profile for General-Purpose AI (GPAI) and Foundation Models, Version 1.1, University of California, Berkeley, Center for Long-Term Cybersecurity, January 2025, accessible here

  • Cristina Poncibo & Martin Ebers, Comparative perspectives on the regulation of large language models, University of Cambridge, January 2025, accessible here;

  • arXiv, DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning, January 2025, accessible here;

1.2. February

1.2.1. Europe

1.2.1.1. European Union

  • AI & Partners, EU AI Act - General-Purpose AI Code of Practice - Commitment Areas, February 2025, accessible here;

1.3. March

1.3.1. International

  • Christoph Engel, Yoan Hermstrüwer, & Alison Kim, Human Realignment - An Empirical Study of LLMs as Legal Decision-Aids in Moral Dilemmas, Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, March 2025, accessible here;

1.4. May

1.4.1. International

  • Joseph B., The Quantum-AI Revolution: How Quantum Computing & Language Models Will Reshape the Enterprise, Cutter Consortium, an Arthur D. Little community, May 2025, accessible here;

1.5. July

1.5.1. Europe

1.5.1.1. European Union

  • AI & Partners, Matthias Samwald et al., Explained: GPAI Code of Practice - Safety & Security Chapter 1, July 2025, accessible here;

  • AI & Partners, Alexander Peukert & Céline Castets-Renard, Explained: GPAI Code of Practice – Copyright Chapter 2, July 2025, accessible here;

  • AI & Partners, Nuria Oliver & Rishi Bommasani, Explained: GPAI Code of Practice – Transparency Chapter 3, July 2025, accessible here;

1.6. August

1.6.1. Europe

1.6.1.1. European Union

  • AI & Partners, Explained: Guidelines on Scope of Obligations for GPAI Models, August 2025, accessible here;
    AI & Partners, Explained: Template for Public Summary of Training Content for GPAI Models, August 2025, accessible here;

1.7. December
1.7.1. International

  • Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act Providers of General Purpose AI Models: A Breakdown, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

2. Reports, guidelines, recommendations and other documents published by regulatory and supervisory authorities, international organizations, and other public institutions and agencies
2.1. January
2.1.1. Asia
2.1.1.1. Saudi Arabia

  • Digital Government Authority, Artificial Intelligence Agents & Large Action Models in Digital Government, January 2025, accessible here;

2.2. February

2.2.1. International

  • Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Putting AI agents through their paces on general tasks, February 2025, accessible here;

2.3. March

2.3.1. Europe

2.3.1.1. European Union

  • European Commission, Third Draft of the General-Purpose AI - Code of Practice, March 2025, accessible here;

2.4. April

2.4.1. International

  • Isabel Barberá, AI Privacy Risks & Mitigations - Large Language Models (LLMs), European Data Protection Board, April 2025, accessible here;

2.4.2. Europe

2.4.2.1. European Union

  • European Commission, Targeted consultation in preparation of the Commission guidelines to clarify the scope of the obligations of providers of general-purpose AI models in the AI Act, April 2025, accessible here;

2.5. June

2.5.1. Europe

2.5.1.1. European Union

  • Isabel Barberá & Murielle Popa-Fabre, Privacy and Data Protection Risks in Large Language Models (LLMs), Council of Europe, June 2025, accessible here;

  • European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), The Alan Turing Institute, & Institut Louis Bachelier, Leveraging Large Language Models in Finance: Pathways to Responsible Adoption, June 2025, accessible here;

2.6. July

2.6.1. Europe

2.6.1.1. European Union

  • European Commission, Guidelines on the scope of the obligations for general-purpose AI models established by Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Act), July 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, Annex to the Communication to the Commission: Approval of the content of the draft Communication from the Commission – Explanatory Notice and Template for the Public Summary of Training Content for general-purpose AI models required by Article 53(1)(d) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Act), July 2025, accessible here;

2.7. August

2.7.1. International

  • Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) & Agence nationale de la sécurité des systèmes d'information (ANSSI), Design Principles for LLM-based Systems with Zero Trust - Foundation for Secure Agentic Systems, August 2025, accessible here;

2.7.2. Europe

2.7.2.1. European Union

  • European Commission, Commission Opinion of 1.8.2025 on the assessment of the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice within the meaning of Article 56 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, August 2025, accessible here;

  • European Parliament, The European Union's AI code of practice, August 2025, accessible here;

2.7.3. Australia (& Oceania)

2.7.3.1. Australia

  • Reserve Bank of Australia, Nicholas Gray et al., An AI-powered Tool for Central Bank Business Liaisons: Quantitative Indicators and On-demand Insights from Firms, August 2025, accessible here;

2.8. September

2.8.1. Europe

2.8.1.1. European Union

  • Council of Europe, Consultative committee of the convention for the protection of individuals with regard to automatic processing of personal data (Convention 108) - Draft Guidelines on Privacy and Data Protection in the context of Large Language Models-based systems, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9. October

2.9.1. International

  • Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Byeungchun Kwon et al., Parsing the pulse: decomposing macroeconomic sentiment with LLMs, October 2025, accessible here;

2.9.2. Europe

2.9.2.1. European Union

  • European Commission, Lorenzo Pacchiardi et al., A Framework to Categorise Modified General-Purpose AI Models as New Models Based on Behavioural Changes - Collection of External Scientific Studies on General-Purpose AI Models under the EU AI Act, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10. November

2.10.1. International

  • Federal Office for Information Security (BSI), Evasion Attacks on LLMs – A Checklist for LLM System Hardening: Facing Prompt Injections, Jailbreaks and Adversarial Attacks, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11. December
2.11.1. International

  • Federal Office for Information Security (BSI), Evasion Attacks on LLMs - Countermeasures in Practice: A Guide to face Prompt Injections, Jailbreaks and Adversarial Attacks, November 2025, accessible here

  • Eduard Barbu et al., AI in Support of StratCom: The Use and Evaluation of Large Language Models in Less Widely Used Official EU Languages, NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, December 2025, accessible here

2.11.2. Europe

2.11.2.1. Italy

  • Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale (AGID), Analisi del rifiuto nei modelli linguistici - attraverso tecniche di Steering ("Rejection analysis in language models - through steering techniques"), December 2025, accessible here;  

3. Legislations, regulations, & other legislative instruments

3.1. June

3.1.1. Europe

3.1.1.1. European Union

  • European Commission, General-Purpose AI Code of Practice, July 2025, accessible here;

C.    Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) & deep learning (DP)
1.    Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. January

1.1.1. International

  • The ASEAN Secretariat, Expanded ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics – Generative AI, January 2025, accessible here;
    UK Finance & Accenture, Generative AI in Action: Opportunities & Risk Management in Financial Services, January 2025, accessible here;
    World Economic Forum & Accenture, Artificial Intelligence in Media, Entertainment and Sport, January 2025, accessible here;

1.2. February

1.2.1. International

  • World Economic Forum & Accenture, Transforming Consumer Industries in the Age of AI, February 2025, accessible here;
    BAIR & Berkeley Haas Entrepreneurship, Responsible Use of Generative AI – A Playbook for Product Managers & Business Leaders, February 2025, accessible here;
    Kore.ai, The 2025 Generative AI Implementation Guide - Expert Solutions for Leadersʼ Dilemmas, February 2025, accessible here;
    Google, Lee Boonstra, Prompt Engineering, February 2025, accessible here;

1.3. March

1.3.1. International

  • Harvard Business School, Fabrizio Dell'Acqua et al., The Cybernetic Teammate: A Field Experiment on Generative AI Reshaping Teamwork and Expertise, March 2025, accessible here;
    Harvard Business Publishing Education, Harnessing Generative AI in the Classroom - Innovative Exercises and Assignments to Elevate Student Learning, March 2025, accessible here;

1.4. April
1.4.1. International

  • Carol McNaughton Nicholls et al., Understanding Consumer Use of Generative AI - Report by Thinks Insight & Strategy for the Digital Regulation Cooperation Forum (DRCF), Thinks Insight & Strategy, Digital Regulation Cooperation Forum (DRCF), April 2025, accessible here

  • Thomson Reuters, 2025 Generative AI in Professional Services Report - Ready for the next step of strategic applications, April 2025, accessible here;

1.5. June

1.5.1. International

  • The Alan Turing Institute & the LEGO Group, Understanding the Impacts of Generative AI Use on Children, June 2025, accessible here;

  • Institute for the Future of Work, The Alan Turing Institute & Queen Mary University of London, Dr Mike Katell et al., Creative Industries and GenAI - Good Work impacts on a sector in rapid transition, June 2025, accessible here;

1.5. July

1.5.1. International

  • Leona Isabelle Verdadero et al., Smarter, Smaller, Stronger: Resource-Efficient Generative AI & the Future of Digital Transformation, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), July 2025, accessible here;

1.5.2. Europe

1.5.2.1. United Kingdom

  • Alan Turing Institute, Mapping the Potential: Generative AI and Public Sector Work - Using time use data to identify opportunities for AI adoption in Great Britain’s public sector, June 2025, accessible here;

1.6. August

1.6.1. International

  • AI & Partners, Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Model AI Governance Framework vs. EU AI Act: A Mapping Exercise, August 2025, accessible here;

1.7. September

1.7.1. International

  • Boston Consulting Group (BCG), Dr. Andrej Levin et al., Will AI Become the Best Car Sales Advisor?, September 2025, accessible here;

1.8. October

1.8.1. International

  • CCBE, CCBE guide on the use of generative AI by lawyers, October 2025, accessible here;

2. Reports, guidelines, recommendations and other documents published by regulatory and supervisory authorities, international organizations, and other public institutions and agencies
2.1. January
2.1.1. Europe

2.1.1.1. European Union

  • European Economic and Social Committee, Generative AI and foundation models in the EU: Uptake, opportunities, challenges, and a way forward, January 2025, accessible here;
    European Committee of the Regions, AI and GenAI adoption by local and regional administrations, January 2025, accessible here;

2.1.2. North America

2.1.2.1. United States of America

  • U.S. Department of Homeland Security, DHS Playbook for Public Sector Generative Artificial Intelligence Deployment, January 2025, accessible here;
    U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright and Artificial Intelligence - Part 2: Copyrightability, January 2025, accessible here;

2.2. February
2.2.1. Europe
2.2.1.1. European Union

  • European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA), Generative AI Market Survey: Outlook, Use Cases and Risk Management, February 2025, accessible here;  

  • European Parliament, Children and generative AI, February 2025, accessible here;

2.2.1.2. Sweden

  • Integritetsskyddsmyndigheten (Swedish Data Protection Authority - IMY), GDPR when using by generative AI - The Privacy Protection Authority's part of the government's mission to develop guidelines for the use of generative AI in public administration, February 2025, accessible here;

2.3. April

2.3.1. Europe

2.3.1.1. European Union

  • European Commission, Living guidelines on the responsible use of generative AI in research, April 2025, accessible here;

2.3.2. Asia

2.3.2.1. Hong Kong

  • Hong Kong Institute for Monetary and Financial Research (HKIMR) & Hong Kong Academy of Finance (AoF), Financial Services in the Era of Generative AI - Facilitating Responsible Adoption, April 2025, accessible here;
    Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 香港特別行政區政府 Digital Policy Office, Hong Kong - Generative Artificial Intelligence Technical and Application Guideline, April 2025, accessible here;

2.4. May

2.4.1. International

  • International Labour Organization, Pawel Gmyrek, Janine Berg, Karol Kamiński, Filip Konopczyński, Agnieszka Ładna, Balint Nafradi, Konrad Rosłaniec, & Marek Troszynski, Generative AI and Jobs - A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure, May 2025, accessible here;

2.4.2. Europe

2.4.2.1. European Union

  • EUIPO - European Union Intellectual Property Office, The development of generative artificial intelligence from a copyright perspective, May 2025, accessible here;
    European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA), EIOPA surveys European insurers on their use of generative AI, May 2025, accessible here;
    European Commission, Analysis of the generative AI landscape in the European public sector, May 2025, accessible here;

2.4.2.2. Netherlands

  • Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (Dutch DPA), Moving forward responsibly - GDPR preconditions for generative AI, May 2025, accessible here;
    Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (Dutch DPA), Moving forward responsibly - The AP’s vision on generative AI, May 2025, accessible here;

2.4.3. North America

2.4.3.1. United States of America

  • U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright and Artificial Intelligence - Part 3: Generative AI Training, May 2025, accessible here;

2.4.4. Asia

2.4.4.1. Japan

  • Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies of the Bank of Japan, Yusuke Aoki, Joon Suk Park, Yuya Takada, & Koji Takahashi, Expecting Job Replacement by GenAI: Effects on Workers’ Economic Outlook and Behavior, May 2025, accessible here;

2.5. June

2.5.1. International

  • Bank for International Settlements – BIS, Jermy Prenio, Starting with the basics: a stocktake of gen AI applications in supervision, June 2025, accessible here;
    OECD - OCDE, Developments in Artificial Intelligence markets - New indicators based on model characteristics, prices and providers, June 2025, accessible here;

2.5.2. Europe
2.5.2.1. European Union

  • Axel Voss, Draft Report - on Copyright and generative artificial intelligence – opportunities and challenges, 2025/2058(INI), Committee on Legal Affairs, European Parliament, June 2025, accessible here

  • European Commission, Elena Navajas, Michele Vespe, Alexander Kotsev, & René van Bavel, Generative AI Outlook Report, June 2025, accessible here;

2.5.2.2. United Kingdom

  • UK Cabinet Office, The Mitigating ‘Hidden’ AI Risks Toolkit - A practical guide to identifying, tracking and mitigating unintended consequences of AI adoption, June 2025, accessible here;
    UK Cabinet Office, The people factor: A human-centred approach to scaling AI tools - An evidence-based framework for scaling generative AI tools successfully and safely across organisations, June 2025, accessible here;

2.5.2.3. Germany

  • Federal Office for Information Security (BSI), Kriterienkatalog des BSI zur Integration von extern bereitgestellten generativen KI-Modellen in eigene Anwendungen (“BSI criteria catalogue for the integration of externally provided generative AI models into own applications”), June 2025, accessible here;

2.6. July

2.6.1. International

  • UNESCO, Red Teaming Artificial Intelligence for Social Good - The Playbook, July 2025, accessible here;

  • OECD - OCDE, Flavio Calvino, Daniel Haerle, & Sarah Liu, Is generative AI a General Purpose Technology? Implications for productivity and policy, June 2025, accessible here;

  • UNESCO, The Guidelines for the Governance of Digital Platforms and Generative Artificial Intelligence, July 2025, accessible here;

2.6.2. Europe

2.6.2.1. European Union

  • European Parliament, Generative AI and Copyright - Training, Creation, Regulation, July 2025, accessible here;

  • European Parliament, Augmented foresight: The transformative power of generative AI for anticipatory governance, July 2025, accessible here;

  • European Parliament, Technological Aspects of Generative AI in the Context of Copyright - Attribution and Novelty in Generative AI Hypersurfaces, July 2025, accessible here;

2.6.3. North America

2.6.3.1. United States of America

  • US Government Accountability Office, Artificial Intelligence - Generative AI Use and Management at Federal Agencies, July 2025, accessible here;

  • Judicial Council of California, Judicial Branch Administration: Rule and Standard for Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Court-Related Work, July 2025, accessible here;

2.7. August

2.7.1. International

  • International Monetary Fund, Joshua Aslett et al., Generative Artificial Intelligence for Compliance Risk Analysis: Applications in Tax and Customs Administration, August 2025, accessible here;

2.7.2. Europe

2.7.2.1. United Kingdom

  • Financial Conduct Authority, Generating and Using Synthetic Data for Models in Financial Services: Governance Considerations The Synthetic Data Expert Group, August 2025, accessible here;

2.7.3. North America

2.7.3.1. United States of America

  • National Association of Attorneys General, letters to leading AI companies regarding inappropriate chatbot interactions with children, August 2025, accessible here;

2.7.4. Australia (& Oceania)

2.7.4.1. Australia

  • Australian Government (Jobs and Skills Australia), Our Gen AI Transition - Implications for Work and Skills - Final Overarching Report, August 2025, accessible here;

2.8. September

2.8.1. Europe
2.8.1.1. European Union

  • Axel Voss, Amendments 1 - 370 - Draft Report - on Copyright and generative artificial intelligence – opportunities and challenges, 2025/2058(INI), PE775.433v01-00, Committee on Legal Affairs, European Parliament, September 2025, accessible here

2.8.1. Asia

2.8.1.1. Singapore

  • Ministry of Law, Singapore, Guide for Using Generative AI in the Legal Sector - Draft for public consultation (1 September to 30 September), September 2025, accessible here;

2.8.2. Australia (& Oceania)

2.8.2.1. Australia

  • Australian Government, Our Gen AI Transition - Implications for Work and Skills, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9. October

2.9.1. International

  • Microsoft & Singapore Academy of Law, Prompt Engineering for Lawyers (2nd Edition) - Leveraging generative AI in the legal profession, October 2025, accessible here

2.9.2. Europe

2.9.2.1. European Union

  • European Parliament, Scam calls in times of generative AI, October 2025, accessible here;
    EDPS - European Data Protection Supervisor, Generative AI and the EUDPR. Orientations for ensuring data protection compliance when using Generative AI systems., October 2025, accessible here;

  • European Commission, The use of generative artificial intelligence in research, October 2025, accessible here;

2.9.2.2. Italy

  • Bank for International Settlements – BIS, Leonardo Gambacorta, Tullio Jappelli, & Tommaso Oliviero, Exploring household adoption and usage of generative AI: new evidence from Italy, October 2025, accessible here;

2.9.3. Asia

2.9.3.1. Hong Kong

  • Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) & Cyberport Hong Kong, Responsible Innovation with GenA.I. in the Banking Industry - Practical Insights from the GenA.I. Sandbox, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10. November

2.10.1. Europe

2.10.1.1. European Union

  • OECD - OCDE, Generative AI and the SME Workforce New Survey Evidence, November 2025, accessible here;
    European Parliament, What if generative AI is reaching its limits?, November 2025, accessible here;

2.10.1.2. Ireland

  • Law Society of Ireland, Guidelines for the use of generative artificial intelligence by the legal profession in Ireland, November 2025, accessible here;

2.10.2. Australia (& Oceania)
2.10.2.1. Australia

  • Departmente of Industry, Science and Resources, Being clear about AI - generated content - A guide for business, Australian Government, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11. December

2.11.1. International

  • OECD - OCDE, How do people experience new technologies and generative AI?, December 2025, accessible here;

2.11.2. Europe
2.11.2.1. European Union

  • Naja Bentzen, Information manipulation in the age of generative artificial intelligence, European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Sofia Karttunen, Copyright of AI-generated works: Approaches in the EU and beyond, European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here;

  • Kalina Bontcheva et al., First Draft Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-Generated Content, European Commission, December 2025, accessible here & here;

  • Daniel Villar-Onrubia et al., Generative Artificial Intelligence in Secondary Education - Uses and Perceptions from the Perspective of Early Adopters across Five EU Member States, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, December 2025, accessible here

  • Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (European Commission), CARSA, ICF, Timelex, & VTT, Study on the next data frontier: generative AI, regulatory compliance and international dimensions (No. 2024-020), December 2025, accessible here

  • European Comission for the Efficieny of Justice (CEPEJ) & Council of Europe, Guidelines on the use of generative artificial intelligence for courts, CEPEJ(2025)18Final, Adopted at the 45th plenary meeting of the CEPEJ (Strasbourg, 4 and 5 December 2025), December 2025, accessible here;

2.11.3. Asia

2.11.3.1. Kazakhstan 

  • Astana Financial Services Authority (AFSA), Report on the application of generative AI in financial services in AIFC, December 2025, accessible here

3. Legislations, regulations, & other legislative instruments

3.1. July

3.1.1. North America

3.1.1.1. United States of America

  • U.S. Congress, Bill S.2367, A bill introducing a new federal tort aimed at curbing unauthorized data use in GenAI, July 2025, accessible here;

4. Litigation & case-law

4.1. February

4.1.1. Europe

4.1.1.1. European Union

  • Request for a preliminary ruling in case C-806/24, Yettel.Bulgaria v. consumer, Court of Justice of the European Union, February 2025, accessible here;

4.1.2. North America

4.1.2.1. United States of America

  • Order on sanctions and other disciplinary action concerning AI-generated legal citations, February 2025, accessible here;
    Memorandum opinion in Thomson Reuters v. ROSS Intelligence, February 2025, accessible here;

4.2. April

4.2.1. Europe

4.2.1.1. European Union

  • Summary of the request for a preliminary ruling in case C-250/25, LIKE Company v. Google, Court of Justice of the European Union, April 2025, accessible here;

4.3. June

4.3.1. North America

4.3.1.1. United States of America

  • Complaint filed by Jenner & Block in The Walt Disney Company, Marvel Entertainment, MVL Film Finance LLC, Lucasfilm, Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp, Universal City Studios Productions LLLP, and DreamWorks Animation v. Midjourney Inc., June 2025, accessible here;

4.4. August
4.4.1. North America
4.4.1.1. United States of America

  • U.S. District Court, Northern District of California, Andrea Bartz & Ors v. Anthropic PBC, order published in August 2025, accessible here;

4.5. October
4.5.1. North America
4.5.1.1. United States of America

  • Order, United States District Court - Eastern District of Oklahoma, Case No. 6:24-cv-00235-JAR, Magistrate Judge: Jason A. Robertson, October 2025, accessible here (attorneys’ non-delegable duty to verify AI work);

4.6. November

4.6.1. Europe

4.6.1.1. Germany

  • Regional Court of Munich I, press release on GEMA v. OpenAI, November 2025, accessible here;

4.6.1.2. United Kingdom

  • Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber), UK and R (on the application of Munir) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (AI hallucinations; supervision; Hamid; professional risks arising from AI-generated legal materials) [2026] UKUT 81 (IAC), November 2025, accessible here

  • High Court of England and Wales, judgment in Getty Images v. Stability AI, November 2025, accessible here;

D. Agentic artificial intelligence (Agentic AI)
1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. January
1.1.1. International

  • Galileo, Mastering AI Agents - A comprehensive guide for evaluating AI agent, January 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum & Boston Consulting Group (BCG), Frontier Technologies in Industrial Operations: The Rise of Artificial Intelligence Agents, January 2025, accessible here;

  • Citi, Agentic AI - Finance & the ‘Do It For Me’ Economy, January 2025, accessible here;

1.2. February

1.2.1. International

  • Juan Gabriel Corvalan & Mariana Sanchez Caparrósó, Agentes de inteligencia artificial y workflows agénticos: la nueva frontera de la automatización - Guía práctica para comprender qué son, cómo funcionan y cuándo utilizarlos, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), UBA IALAB, CAF (Banco de desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe), Ubatec S.A, Puzzle, Cognitive, AI Academy, Corpora, Procuracion General de la Ciudad, UBA fiuba, IngenIA UBA, MultiALA, LIDeSIA, La Ley, & Thomson Reuters, February 2025, accessible here;

  • Margaret Mitchell, Avijit Ghosh, Alexandra Sasha Luccioni, & Giada Pistilli, Fully Autonomous AI Agents Should Not be Developed, arXiv, February 2025, accessible here;

1.3. March

1.3.1. International

  • IBM, AI agents: Opportunities, risks, and mitigations, March 2025, accessible here;

1.3.2. Europe

1.3.2.1. European Union

  • AI & Partners, EU AI Act - Fostering Agentic AI, March 2025, accessible here;

1.4. April

1.4.1. International

  • Antonio Gulli, Lavi Nigam, Julia Wiesinger, Vladimir Vuskovic, Irina Sigler, Ivan Nardini, Nicolas Stroppa, Sokratis Kartakis, Narek Saribekyan, & Alan Bount, Agents Companion, Google, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Lisa Soder, Julia Smakman, Connor Dunlop, & Oliver Sussman, An Autonomy-Based Classification - AI Agents, Liability and Lessons from the Automated Vehicles Act, Ada Lovelace Institute, April 2025, accessible here;

  • Jam Kraprayoon, Zoe Williams, & Rida Fayyaz, AI Agent Governance: A Field Guide, Institute for AI Policy and Strategy (IAPS), April 2025, accessible here;

  • Simon Taylor, Soups Ranjan, Matt Vega, Ryan McCormack, & Eric Reich, The Agentic Oversight Framework - Procedures, Accountability and Best Practices for Agentic AI Use In Regulated Financial Services, Sardine, April 2025, accessible here;

1.4.2. Europe

1.4.2.1. European Union

  • Deloitte Legal, AI Agents - Legal Challenges of Automation, April 2025, accessible here;

1.5. May

1.5.1. International

  • IBM, Agentic AI in Financial Services - Opportunities, Risks, and Responsible Implementation, May 2025, accessible here;

  • Joe Kwon, AI Agents: Governing Autonomy in the Digital Age, Center for AI Policy, May 2025, accessible here;

  • Joon Sung Park et al., Simulating Human Behavior with AI Agents, Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI), May 2025, accessible here;

  • Luukas Ilves, Manuel Kilian, Tiago C. Peixoto, & Ott Velsberg, The Agentic State - How Agentic AI Will Revamp 10 Functional Layers of Public Administration, Global Government Technology Centre, May 2025, accessible here;

  • Capgemini, Business, meet agentic AI - Confidence in autonomous and agentic systems, May 2025, accessible here;

  • Center for Democracy & Technology, AI Agents In Focus - Technical and Policy Considerations, May 2025, accessible here;

1.6. June

1.6.1. International

  • GSMA, Agentic AI for Telecom: Charting the Course for an Intelligent Future, June 2025, accessible here;

  • Wavestone, Agentic AI Playbook - From conversational assistants to autonomous agents: a comprehensive journey through the design and orchestration of AI Agents, June 2025, accessible here;

  • McKinsey & Company, The future of work is agentic, June 2025, accessible here;

1.6.2. Europe

1.6.2.1. European Union

  • Amin Oueslati & Robin Staes-Polet, Ahead of the Curve - Governing AI Agents Under the EU AI Act, The Future Society, June 2025, accessible here;

1.7. July

1.7.1. International

  • Google Cloud, Shaping the future: the transformative potential of agentic AI and the strategic imperative for Google Cloud partners, July 2025, accessible here;

  • OWASP GenAI Security Project, State of Agentic AI Security and Governance - OWASP Gen AI Security Project Agentic Security Initiative, July 2025, accessible here;

1.8. August

1.8.1. International

  • Cloud Security Alliance, Ken Huang et al., Agentic AI Identity & Access Management - A New Approach, August 2025, accessible here;

  • Google Cloud, Startup technical guide - AI agents, August 2025, accessible here;

1.9. October
1.9.1. International

  • Gary Liu et al., From Risk to Opportunity: A Governance Blueprint for Agentic AI, FutureMatters, Global Finance & Technology Network (GFTN), October 2025, accessible here;

  • European Broadcasting Union (EBU) & BBC, News Integrity in AI Assistants TOOLKIT, October 2025, accessible here;

  • The Digital Economist, Sandy Carter, AI Agents As Employees, October 2025, accessible here;

  • Infosys, Tech Navigator: Second Edition – Applying agentic AI to industries, October 2025, accessible here;

1.10. November
1.10.1. International

  • Sam Ransbotham et al., The Emerging Agentic Enterprise: How Leaders Must Navigate a New Age of AI, MIT Sloan Management Review, Boston Consulting Group (BCG), Big Ideas Research Report, November 2025, accessible here;

  • Information Technology Industry Council (ITI), Understanding Agentic AI: ITI's Policy Guide, November 2025, accessible here;

  • International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) & Amazon Web Services (AWS), The essential guide to agentic AI - How to compete in an autonomous future, IBM Institute for Business Value, Research Insights, November 2025, accessible here;

  • Centre for Information Policy Leadership (CIPL), Agentic AI - Fostering Responsible and Beneficial Development and Adoption, November 2025, accessible here;

  • World Economic Forum & Capgemini, AI Agents in Action: Foundations for Evaluation and Governance, November 2025, accessible here;

2. Reports, guidelines, recommendations and other documents published by regulatory and supervisory authorities, international organizations, and other public institutions and agencies
2.1. May
2.1.1. Europe
2.1.1.1. United Kingdom

  • Department for Science, Innovation and Technology & Government Digital Service, AI Insights - Agentic AI, May 2025, accessible here;

2.2. July

2.2.1. Asia

2.2.1.1. Saudi Arabia

  • SDAIA | سدايا, Agentic Artificial Intelligence - National technologies and applications, July 2025, accessible here;

2.3. October

2.3.1. Asia

2.3.1.1. Singapore

  • Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA), Securing Agentic AI - An Addendum to the Guidelines and Companion Guide on Securing AI Systems, October 2025, accessible here;

2.4. November
2.4.1. International

  • Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale (AGID), Agenti IA e Sicurezza: comprendere per governare ("AI Agents and Security: Understanding to Govern"), November 2025, accessible here

  • Bank for International Settlements – BIS, Iñaki Aldasoro & Ajit Desai, AI agents for cash management in payment systems, November 2025, accessible here;

2.5. November

2.5.1. Asia

2.5.1.1. Saudi Arabia

  • Digital Government Authority, AI Agents as Government Partners, Issue No.: 1.0, December 2025, accessible here;

bottom of page