AI Source Booklet 2025

AI Source Booklet:
Regulatory and policy developments
2025 Edition

A. Artificial intelligence (AI) & machine learning (ML)
1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. January
1.1.1. International

1.1.2. Europe
1.1.2.1. European Union
1.1.3. North America
1.1.3.1. United States of America
1.1.4. Asia
1.1.4.1. India
1.2. February
1.2.1. International
1.2.2. Europe
1.2.2.1. European Union
1.2.2.2. United Kingdom
1.2.3. North America
1.2.3.1. United States of America
1.3. March
1.3.1. International

1.3.2. Europe
1.3.2.1. European Union
1.3.3. North America
1.3.3.1. United States of America
1.4. April
1.4.1. International
1.4.2. Europe
1.4.2.1. European Union
1.4.2.2. United Kingdom
1.4.3. North America
1.4.3.1. United States of America
1.4.4. Asia
1.4.4.1. India
1.4.5. Africa
1.5. May
1.5.1. International
1.5.2. Europe
1.5.2.1. European Union
1.6. June
1.6.1. International
1.6.2. Europe
1.6.2.1. European Union
1.6.3. North America
1.6.3.1. United States of America
1.6.4. Asia
1.6.4.1. China
1.7. July
1.7.1. International
1.7.2. Europe
1.7.2.1. European Union
1.7.2.2. Austria
1.7.2.3. Belgium
1.7.2.4. Portugal
1.7.2.5. Croatia
1.7.3. North America
1.7.3.1. United States of America
1.7.4. Asia
1.7.4.1. China
1.8. August
1.8.1. International

Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA), A Practical Guide for Technical Leaders: AI Governance, August 2025, accessible here;
World Economic Forum (WEF), Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India & BCG X, Future Farming in India: A Playbook for Scaling Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, August 2025, accessible here;
Ana Alania, AI governance around the world - Country profile: Singapore, The Alan Turing Institute, August 2025, accessible here;
Stephanie Cairns & Uzma Chaudhry, AI governance around the world - Country profile: Canada, The Alan Turing Institute, August 2025, accessible here;
Nalanda Sharadjaya, AI governance around the world - Country profile: India, The Alan Turing Institute, August 2025, accessible here;

1.8.2. Europe
1.8.2.1. European Union
1.8.2.2. Czech Republic
1.8.2.3. Cyprus
1.8.2.4. Denmark
1.8.2.5. Estonia
1.9. September
1.9.1. International

Kyle Crichton et al., Harmonizing AI Guidance: Distilling Voluntary Standards and Best Practices into a Unified Framework, Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), September 2025, accessible here;

1.9.2. Europe
1.9.2.1. European Union
1.9.2.2. Germany
1.9.2.3. France
1.9.2.4. Finland
1.9.2.5. Greece
1.9.2.6. Hungary
1.9.3. Asia
1.9.3.1. Japan
1.10. October
1.10.1. International

Simon Mylius et al., Mapping the AI governance landscape: Pilot test and update, MIT AI Risk Repository, FutureTech, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), October 2025, accessible here;
Mia Hoffmann, The Mechanisms of AI Harm - Lessons Learned from AI Incidents, Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), October 2025, accessible here;
IAPP & HCLTech, Global AI Governance Law and Policy - Australia, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, UAE and US, October 2025, accessible here;
Aanault Lee & Phyu Thinn Kaitlyn, AI in Finance - A Decade of Progress and Pathways for Growth, FutureMatters, Global Finance & Technology Network (GFTN), October 2025, accessible here;

1.10.2. Europe
1.10.2.1. European Union
1.10.2.2. Italy
1.10.2.3. Ireland
1.10.2.4. Latvia
1.10.2.5. Lithuania
1.11. November
1.11.1. International

Information Technology Industry Council (ITI), Understanding Agentic AI: ITI's Policy Guide, November 2025, accessible here;
Åsa Dahlborn et al., Building Trust: Integrating AI, Blockchain, and Digital Identity, International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications (INATBA), November 2025, accessible here;
International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) & Amazon Web Services (AWS), The essential guide to agentic AI - How to compete in an autonomous future, IBM Institute for Business Value, Research Insights, November 2025, accessible here;

1.11.2. Europe
1.11.2.1. European Union
1.11.2.2. Luxembourg
1.11.2.3. Malta
1.11.2.4. Netherlands
1.11.3. Asia
1.11.3.1. South Korea
1.12. December
1.12.1. International

Centre for Information Policy Leadership (CIPL), Legitimate Interests for Data in AI Training - The DPO Perspective, December 2025, accessible here;
Centre for Information Policy Leadership (CIPL), Reconciling AI with the Data Minimization Principle: Bridging the Innovation and Privacy Gap, December 2025, accessible here;
World Economic Forum (WEF) & Cognizant, New Economy Skills: Building AI, Data and Digital Capabilities for Growth, December 2025, accessible here;
Adrien Abecassis et al., A Blueprint for Multinational Advanced AI Development, Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Technical University of Munich, Oxford Martin AI Governance Initiative, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Uppsala University, Paris Peace Forum, RWTH Aachen University, CeSia, Université Paris Dauphine - PSL, November 2025, accessible here;
Andres Raieste et al., Government efficiency in the age of AI - Toward resilient and efficient digital democracies, Tartu Ülikool (University of Tartu), Nortal, October 2025, accessible here;
Maximilian Schons et al., The 2025 Peregrine Report - 208 Expert Proposals for Reducing AI Risk, Halcyon Futures, December 2025, accessible here;
Future of Life Institute (FLI), AI Safety Index, Winter 2025, December 2025, accessible here;
Lisa Abraham, Joshua Kavner, & Alvin Moon, A Prisoner’s Dilemma in the Race to Artificial General Intelligence, RAND, Research Report, December 2025, accessible here;
Sumaya Nur Adan et al., AI Benefit-Sharing Framework: Balancing Access and Safety, Oxford Martin AI Governance Initiative, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2. Europe
1.12.2.1. European Union

Danish Institute for Human Rights & European Center for Not-for-Profit Law Stichting, A Guide to Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment (FRIA), December 2025, accessible here;
Maximilian Negele et al., Europe and the geopolitics of AGI The need for a preparedness plan, RAND Europe, Centre for Future Generations (CFG), Oxford Martin AI Governance Initiative, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, December 2025, accessible here;
Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Serious Incidents: Predicting Impact of Fines, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;
Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act Providers of General Purpose AI Models: A Breakdown, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.2. United Kingdom

techUK, A Maturing AI Assurance Ecosystem: Sector Specific Applications, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.3. Spain

Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Spain: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.4. Romania

Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Romania: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.5. Slovakia

Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Slovakia: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.6. Slovenia

Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Slovenia: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.7. Poland

Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Poland: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.4. Asia
1.12.4.1. India

1.12.4.2. China

William C. Hannas et al., China’s Embodied AI: A Path to AGI, Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), December 2025, accessible here;

2. Reports, guidelines, recommendations and other documents published by regulatory and supervisory authorities, international organizations, and other public institutions and agencies
2.1. January
2.1.1. International

Francesc Pedró & Ana Mendigutxia, The role of higher education in national artificial intelligence strategies: a comparative policy review, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean, January 2025, accessible here;
Paris AI Action Summit, Standardization for AI Environmental Sustainability, January 2025, accessible here;

2.1.2. Europe
2.1.2.1. European Union
2.1.2.2. United Kingdom
2.1.3. North America
2.1.3.1. United States of America
2.1.4. Asia
2.1.4.1. United Arab Emirates
2.1.5. Africa
2.1.5.1. Egypt
2.1.5.2. Kenya
2.2. February
2.2.1. International
2.2.2. Europe
2.2.2.1. European Union
2.2.2.2. United Kingdom
2.2.2.3. France
2.2.2.4.Switzerland
2.2.2.5. Italy
2.2.2.6. Netherlands
2.2.2.7. Norway
2.2.3. North America
2.2.3.1. United States of America
2.2.3.2. Cuba
2.2.4. South America
2.2.4.1. Brazil
2.2.5. Asia
2.2.6. Australia (& Oceania)
2.2.6.1. Australia
2.3. March

2.3.1. International

Giacomo Persi Paoli & Yasmin Afina, AI in the Military Domain: A briefing note for States, United Nations, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), March 2025, accessible here;

2.3.2. Europe
2.3.2.1. European Union
2.3.2.2. United Kingdom
2.3.2.3. Germany
2.3.2.4. Spain
2.3.3. North America
2.3.3.1. United States of America
2.3.4. Asia
2.3.4.1. Japan
2.3.5. Africa
2.3.5.1. Kenya
2.4. April
2.4.1. International
2.4.2. Europe
2.4.2.1. European Union
2.4.2.2. United Kingdom
2.4.3. North America
2.4.3.1. United States of America
2.4.4. Asia
2.4.4.1. India
2.4.4.2. Japan
2.4.4.3. Oman
2.5. May
2.5.1. International
2.5.2. Europe
2.5.2.1. European Union
2.5.2.2. United Kingdom
2.5.2.3. Irland
2.5.2.4. Luxembourg
2.5.2.5. Poland
2.5.3. North America
2.5.3.1. United States of America
2.5.4. Australia (& Oceania)
2.5.4.1. Australia
2.6. June
2.6.1. International
2.6.2. Europe
2.6.2.1. European Union
2.6.2.2. United Kingdom
2.6.2.3. France
2.6.2.4. Portugal
2.6.3. Asia
2.7. July
2.7.1. International
2.7.2. Europe
2.7.2.1. European Union
2.7.2.2. United Kingdom
2.7.2.3. Netherlands
2.7.2.4. France
2.7.3. North America
2.7.3.1. United States of America
2.7.4. Asia
2.7.4.1. China
2.7.4.2. Cambodia
2.7.4.3. Maldives
2.7.5. Australia (& Oceania)
2.7.5.1. Australia
2.7.5.2. New Zealand
2.7.6. Africa
2.7.6.1. Kenya
2.8. August
2.8.1. International
2.8.2. Europe
2.8.2.1. European Union
2.8.2.2. Germany
2.8.2.3. Italy
2.8.3. North America
2.8.3.1. United States of America
2.8.4. South America
2.8.4.1. Argentina
2.8.4.2. Curação
2.8.5. Asia
2.8.5.1. Malaysia
2.8.5.2. India
2.8.6. Australia (& Oceania)
2.8.6.1. Australia
2.8.7. Africa
2.8.7.1. Namibia
2.9. September
2.9.1. International
2.9.2. Europe
2.9.2.1. European Union
2.9.2.2. United Kingdom
2.9.2.3. Netherlands
2.9.2.4. France
2.9.2.5. Irland
2.9.3. North America
2.9.3.1. United States of America
2.9.3.2. Jamaica

2.9.4. SouthAmerica

2.9.4.1. Peru

Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros, Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial 2026-2030 ("National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2026-2030"), Perú 2026-2030, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.5. Asia
2.9.5.1. Malaysia
2.9.5.2. India
2.9.5.3. Timor-Leste
2.9.6. Africa
2.9.6.1. Egypt
2.9.6.2. Ghana
2.10. October
2.10.1. International
2.10.2. Europe
2.10.2.1. European Union

Barbara De Micheli et al., Digitalisation, artificial intelligence and algorithmic management in the workplace: Shaping the future of work - Cost of non-Europe, European Added Value Unit of the Directorate for Impact Assessment and Foresight, Directorate-General for European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), European Parliament, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.2.2. United Kingdom
2.10.2.3. Spain
2.10.2.4. Ireland
2.10.3. Asia
2.10.3.1. India
2.10.3.2. Vietnam
2.10.3.3. United Arab Emirates
2.10.4. Australia (& Oceania)
2.10.4.1. Australia

Jia-Urnn Lee et al., Governance in the Age of AI: Readiness and Responsible Leadership, Queensland Government, FrontierSI, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.5. Africa
2.10.5.1. Botswana
2.11. November
2.11.1. International

World Bank Group, Digital Progress and Trends Report 2025: Strengthening AI Foundations, December 2025, accessible here;
World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU), Whitepaper: Navigating the Ethical Landscape of Artificial Intelligence in Credit Unions, November 2025, accessible here;
International Task Force on Teachers for Education 2030, Promoting and protecting teacher agency in the age of artificial intelligence, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.2. Europe
2.11.2.1. European Union

Arba Kokalari, Report on the impact of artificial intelligence on the financial sector (2025/2056(INI)), Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, European Parliament, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.2.2. Portugal

2.11.2.3. Switzerland

Bundesamt für Justiz BJ, Wie lässt sich die KI-Konvention des Europarats ins Schweizer Recht umsetzen? Synthese der partizipativen Arbeitstagung vom 27.10.2025 zur Umsetzung der KI-Konvention des Europarats ("How can the Council of Europe's AI Convention be implemented into Swiss law? Synthesis of the participatory workshop of October 27, 2025, on the implementation of the Council of Europe's AI Convention"), Expedition Future, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.3. North America
2.11.3.1. United States of America
2.11.4. South America
2.11.4.1. Equador

2.11.4.2. Chile

Armando Guio Español, Propuesta de Sandbox Regulatorio de IA en Logística Urbana - Documento técnico para discusión ("Proposal for a Regulatory Sandbox for AI in Urban Logistics - Technical document for discussion"), Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo, Global Network of Internet and Society Research Centers, Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe (CAF), November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.5. Asia
2.11.5.1. India
2.11.5.2. Singapore
2.11.5.3. Bangladesh

2.11.7. Africa
2.11.7.1. South Africa

Artificial Intelligence in the South African Financial Sector, FSCA South Africa, South African Reserve Bank, Nolwazi Hlophe & Lebogang Mabetha, November 2025, accessible here;

2.12. December
2.12.1. International

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), AI adoption by small and medium‑sized enterprises - OECD discussion paper for the G7, December 2025, accessible here;
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Guidance on AI and children - Updated guidance for governments and businesses to create AI policies and systems that uphold children’s rights, December 2025, accessible here;
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Harnessing Artificial Intelligence in Social Security - Use Cases, Governance and Workforce Readiness, December 2025, accessible here;
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), The Next Great Divergence - Why Al may widen inequality between countries, December 2025, accessible here;
Bas Testerink, Guidelines for developing Artificial Intelligence Strategies in Justice and Security, EL PAcCTO, December 2025, accessible here;
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Australian Signals Directorate’s Australian Cyber Security Centre, U.S. National Security Agency’s Artificial Intelligence Security Center, U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Canadian Centre for Cyber Security, German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI), Netherlands National Cyber Security Centre, New Zealand National Cyber Security Centre, & United Kingdom National Cyber Security Centre, Principles for the Secure Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Operational Technology, December 2025, accessible here;
Juan David Gutiérrez, Guidelines for the use of AI systems in courts and tribunals, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), December 2025, accessible here;
Leonardo Gambacorta et al., Artificial intelligence and growth in advanced and emerging economies: short-run impact, Bank for International Settlements (BIS), BIS Working Papers no 1321, December 2025, accessible here;
AI Security Institute (AISI), Al Security Institute Frontier Al Trends Report, December 2025, accessible here;
Xiang-Li Lim, Puja Singh, & Richard Stobo, Regulatory Considerations Regarding Accelerated Use of AI in Securities Markets, International Monetary Fund (IMF), December 2025, accessible here;
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), & International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Technical paper on AI and Multimedia Authenticity Standards, Mapping the Standardisation Landscape, November 2025, accessible here;
Astana Civil Service Hub (ACSH), Ministry of the Interior and Safety, Republic of Korea, National Information Society Agency (NIA) & United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Global approaches to AI governance: Policy, Legal, and Regulatory Perspectives, December 2025, accessible here;
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),, AI and the global productivity divide - Fuel for the fast or a lift for the laggards?, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers No. 51, December 2025, accessible here;

2.12.2. Europe
2.12.2.1. European Union

European Parliament resolution of 17 December 2025 with recommendations to the Commission on digitalisation, artificial intelligence and algorithmic management in the workplace – shaping the future of work (2025/2080(INL)), P10_TA(2025)0337, December 2025, accessible here;
Davide Curro et al., How AI is shaping EU electricity grids: the impact of AI Act, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Publications Office of the European Union, December 2025, accessible here;
European Data Protection Board (EDPB), Opinion 28/2024 on certain data protection aspects related to the processing of personal data in the context of AI models, December 2025, accessible here;
Mar Negreiro, Search engines in times of Artificial Intelligence, European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here;
European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS), Getting ready: Preparing the EU public administration for the AI Act - High-Risk AI Systems Mapping Report in European Institutions, Agencies and Bodies, December 2025, accessible here;
Christian Peukert, The economics of copyright and AI - Empirical evidence and optimal policy, Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs/ Directorate-General for Citizens' Rights, Justice and Institutional Affairs, European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here;
Konstantinos Andronikidis, Artificial Intelligence in School Education - An overview of policy priorities and initiatives across 23 education systems, European Schoolnet, December 2025, accessible here;
Fabien Petit, The future employment impact of artificial intelligence and emerging digital technologies in Europe, European Commission, Social Situation Monitor, ICF, HiVA, Publications Office of the European Union, November 2025, accessible here;

2.12.2.2. Spain

2.12.3. North America

2.12.3.1. United States of America

American Bar Association, Addressing the Legal Challenges of AI - Year 2 Report on the Impact of AI on the Practice of Law, ABA Task Force on Law and Artificial Intelligence, December 2025, accessible here;
Katerina Megas et al., Cybersecurity Framework Profile for Artificial Intelligence (Cyber AI Profile), NIST IR 8596 (Initial Preliminary Draft), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), December 2025, accessible here;

2.12.4. Asia
2.12.4.1. South Korea

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), How can AI help make better regional development policies in Korea, OECD Regional Development Papers, December 2025, accessible here;

2.12.4.2. India

Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India, Democratising Access to AI Infrastructure, India's AI Policy Priorities White Paper Series, December 2025, accessible here;

2.12.5. Australia (& Oceania)
2.12.5.1. Australia

Digital Transformation Agency, Guidance for the artificial intelligence impact assessment tool, Australian Government, December 2025, accessible here;
Digital Transformation Agency, Artificial Intelligence Impact Assessment Tool, Australian Government, December 2025, accessible here;
Departmente of Industry, Science and Resources, National AI Plan, Australian Government, December 2025, accessible here;

3. Legislations, regulations, & other legislative instruments
3.1. March
3.1.1. European Union
3.1.1.1. Spain
3.1.1.2. Italy
3.2. April
3.2.1. North America
3.2.1.1. United States of America
3.3. September
3.3.1. North America
3.3.1.1. United States of America
3.4. November
3.4.1. Europe
3.4.1.1. European Union
3.4.1.2. Portugal
3.4.2. Asia
3.4.2.1. India
3.4.3. North America
3.4.3.1. United States of America
3.4.4. Australia (& Oceania)
3.4.4.1. Australia

3.5. December

3.5.1. Europe
3.5.1.1. European Union

Regulation (EU) 2025/2509 of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union of 26 November 2025 on the safety of toys and repealing Directive 2009/48/EC, European Union, December 2025, accessible here;
Draft - Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) …/... of XXX laying down rules for the application of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the establishment, development, implementation, operation and supervision of AI regulatory sandboxes, European Commission, December 2025, accessible here;

3.5.2. North America
3.5.2.1. United States of America

Executive Order, Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence, The White House, December 2025, accessible here;

4. Litigation & case-law
4.1.1. XXX
4.1.1.1. XXX

B. General-purpose artificial intelligence (GPAI), foundation models (FMs), & large language models (LLMs)
1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. January
1.1.1. International
1.2. February
1.2.1. Europe
1.2.1.1. European Union
1.3. March
1.3.1. International
1.4. May
1.4.1. International
1.5. July
1.5.1. Europe
1.5.1.1. European Union
1.6. August
1.6.1. Europe
1.6.1.1. European Union
2. Reports, guidelines, recommendations and other documents published by regulatory and supervisory authorities, international organizations, and other public institutions and agencies
2.1. January
2.1.1. Asia
2.1.1.1. Saudi Arabia
2.2. February
2.2.1. International
2.3. March
2.3.1. Europe
2.3.1.1. European Union
2.4. April
2.4.1. International
2.4.2. Europe
2.4.2.1. European Union
2.5. June
2.5.1. Europe
2.5.1.1. European Union
2.6. July
2.6.1. Europe
2.6.1.1. European Union
2.7. August
2.7.1. International
2.7.2. Europe
2.7.2.1. European Union
2.7.3. Australia (& Oceania)
2.7.3.1. Australia
2.8. September
2.8.1. Europe
2.8.1.1. European Union
2.9. October
2.9.1. International
2.9.2. Europe
2.9.2.1. European Union
2.10. November
2.10.1. International

2.11. December
2.11.1. International

Federal Office for Information Security (BSI), Evasion Attacks on LLMs - Countermeasures in Practice: A Guide to face Prompt Injections, Jailbreaks and Adversarial Attacks, November 2025, accessible here;
Eduard Barbu et al., AI in Support of StratCom: The Use and Evaluation of Large Language Models in Less Widely Used Official EU Languages, NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, December 2025, accessible here;

2.11.2. Europe

2.11.2.1. Italy

Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale (AGID), Analisi del rifiuto nei modelli linguistici - attraverso tecniche di Steering ("Rejection analysis in language models - through steering techniques"), December 2025, accessible here;

3. Legislations, regulations, & other legislative instruments
3.1. June
3.1.1. Europe
3.1.1.1. European Union

C. Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) & deep learning (DP)
1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. January
1.1.1. International
1.2. February
1.2.1. International
1.3. March
1.3.1. International
1.4. April
1.4.1. International
1.5. June
1.5.1. International
1.5.2. Europe
1.5.2.1. United Kingdom
1.6. August
1.6.1. International
1.7. September
1.7.1. International
1.8. October
1.8.1. International
2. Reports, guidelines, recommendations and other documents published by regulatory and supervisory authorities, international organizations, and other public institutions and agencies
2.1. January
2.1.1. Europe
2.1.1.1. European Union
2.1.2. North America
2.1.2.1. United States of America
2.2. February
2.2.1. Europe
2.2.1.1. European Union
2.2.1.2. Sweden
2.3. April
2.3.1. Europe
2.3.1.1. European Union
2.3.2. Asia
2.3.2.1. Hong Kong
2.4. May
2.4.1. International
2.4.2. Europe
2.4.2.1. European Union
2.4.2.2. Netherlands
2.4.3. North America
2.4.3.1. United States of America
2.4.4. Asia
2.4.4.1. Japan
2.5. June
2.5.1. International
2.5.2. Europe
2.5.2.1. European Union
2.5.2.2. United Kingdom
2.5.2.3. Germany
2.6. July
2.6.1. International
2.6.2. Europe
2.6.2.1. European Union
2.6.3. North America
2.6.3.1. United States of America
2.7. August
2.7.1. International
2.7.2. Europe
2.7.2.1. United Kingdom
2.7.3. North America
2.7.3.1. United States of America
2.7.4. Australia (& Oceania)
2.7.4.1. Australia
2.8. September
2.8.1. Asia
2.8.1.1. Singapore
2.8.2. Australia (& Oceania)
2.8.2.1. Australia
2.9. October
2.9.1. Europe
2.9.1.1. European Union
2.9.1.2. Italy
2.9.2. Asia
2.9.2.1. Hong Kong
2.10. November
2.10.1. Europe
2.10.1.1. European Union
2.10.1.2. Ireland

2.10.2. Australia (& Oceania)
2.10.2.1. Australia

Departmente of Industry, Science and Resources, Being clear about AI - generated content - A guide for business, Australian Government, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11. December
2.11.1. International

2.11.2. Europe
2.11.2.1. European Union

Naja Bentzen, Information manipulation in the age of generative artificial intelligence, European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here;
Sofia Karttunen, Copyright of AI-generated works: Approaches in the EU and beyond, European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here;
Kalina Bontcheva et al., First Draft Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-Generated Content, European Commission, December 2025, accessible here & here;
Daniel Villar-Onrubia et al., Generative Artificial Intelligence in Secondary Education - Uses and Perceptions from the Perspective of Early Adopters across Five EU Member States, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, December 2025, accessible here;
Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (European Commission), CARSA, ICF, Timelex, & VTT, Study on the next data frontier: generative AI, regulatory compliance and international dimensions (No. 2024-020), December 2025, accessible here;

2.11.3. Asia

2.11.3.1. Kazakhstan

Astana Financial Services Authority (AFSA), Report on the application of generative AI in financial services in AIFC, December 2025, accessible here;

3. Legislations, regulations, & other legislative instruments
3.1. July
3.1.1. North America
3.1.1.1. United States of America
4. Litigation & case-law
4.1. February
4.1.1. Europe
4.1.1.1. European Union
4.1.2. North America
4.1.2.1. United States of America
4.2. April
4.2.1. Europe
4.2.1.1. European Union
4.3. June
4.3.1. North America
4.3.1.1. United States of America
4.4. August
4.4.1. North America
4.4.1.1. United States of America

4.5. October
4.5.1. North America
4.5.1.1. United States of America

Order, United States District Court - Eastern District of Oklahoma, Case No. 6:24-cv-00235-JAR, Magistrate Judge: Jason A. Robertson, October 2025, accessible here (attorneys’ non-delegable duty to verify AI work);

4.6. November
4.6.1. Europe
4.6.1.1. Germany
4.6.1.2. United Kingdom

D. Agentic artificial intelligence (Agentic AI)
1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. January
1.1.1. International
1.2. February
1.2.1. International
1.3. March
1.3.1. International
1.3.2. Europe
1.3.2.1. European Union
1.4. April
1.4.1. International
1.4.2. Europe
1.4.2.1. European Union
1.5. May
1.5.1. International
1.6. June
1.6.1. International
1.6.2. Europe
1.6.2.1. European Union
1.7. July
1.7.1. International
1.8. August
1.8.1. International
1.9. October
1.9.1. International

Gary Liu et al., From Risk to Opportunity: A Governance Blueprint for Agentic AI, FutureMatters, Global Finance & Technology Network (GFTN), October 2025, accessible here;

1.10. November
1.10.1. International

Sam Ransbotham et al., The Emerging Agentic Enterprise: How Leaders Must Navigate a New Age of AI, MIT Sloan Management Review, Boston Consulting Group (BCG), Big Ideas Research Report, November 2025, accessible here;

2. Reports, guidelines, recommendations and other documents published by regulatory and supervisory authorities, international organizations, and other public institutions and agencies
2.1. May
2.1.1. Europe
2.1.1.1. United Kingdom
2.2. July
2.2.1. Asia
2.2.1.1. Saudi Arabia
2.3. October
2.3.1. Asia
2.3.1.1. Singapore
2.4. November
2.4.1. International

Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale (AGID), Agenti IA e Sicurezza: comprendere per governare ("AI Agents and Security: Understanding to Govern"), November 2025, accessible here;

Züruck

AI Source Booklet: Regulatory and policy developments 2025 Edition

​ A. Artificial intelligence (AI) & machine learning (ML) 1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities 1.1. January 1.1.1. International​

Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA), A Practical Guide for Technical Leaders: AI Governance, August 2025, accessible here;

World Economic Forum (WEF), Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India & BCG X, Future Farming in India: A Playbook for Scaling Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, August 2025, accessible here;

Ana Alania, AI governance around the world - Country profile: Singapore, The Alan Turing Institute, August 2025, accessible here;

Stephanie Cairns & Uzma Chaudhry, AI governance around the world - Country profile: Canada, The Alan Turing Institute, August 2025, accessible here;

Nalanda Sharadjaya, AI governance around the world - Country profile: India, The Alan Turing Institute, August 2025, accessible here;

1.8.2. Europe 1.8.2.1. European Union 1.8.2.2. Czech Republic 1.8.2.3. Cyprus 1.8.2.4. Denmark 1.8.2.5. Estonia 1.9. September 1.9.1. International

Kyle Crichton et al., Harmonizing AI Guidance: Distilling Voluntary Standards and Best Practices into a Unified Framework, Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), September 2025, accessible here;

1.9.2. Europe 1.9.2.1. European Union 1.9.2.2. Germany 1.9.2.3. France 1.9.2.4. Finland 1.9.2.5. Greece 1.9.2.6. Hungary 1.9.3. Asia 1.9.3.1. Japan 1.10. October 1.10.1. International

Simon Mylius et al., Mapping the AI governance landscape: Pilot test and update, MIT AI Risk Repository, FutureTech, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), October 2025, accessible here;

Mia Hoffmann, The Mechanisms of AI Harm - Lessons Learned from AI Incidents, Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), October 2025, accessible here;

IAPP & HCLTech, Global AI Governance Law and Policy - Australia, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, UAE and US, October 2025, accessible here;

Aanault Lee & Phyu Thinn Kaitlyn, AI in Finance - A Decade of Progress and Pathways for Growth, FutureMatters, Global Finance & Technology Network (GFTN), October 2025, accessible here;

1.10.2. Europe 1.10.2.1. European Union 1.10.2.2. Italy 1.10.2.3. Ireland 1.10.2.4. Latvia 1.10.2.5. Lithuania 1.11. November 1.11.1. International

Information Technology Industry Council (ITI), Understanding Agentic AI: ITI's Policy Guide, November 2025, accessible here;

Åsa Dahlborn et al., Building Trust: Integrating AI, Blockchain, and Digital Identity, International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications (INATBA), November 2025, accessible here;

International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) & Amazon Web Services (AWS), The essential guide to agentic AI - How to compete in an autonomous future, IBM Institute for Business Value, Research Insights, November 2025, accessible here;

1.11.2. Europe 1.11.2.1. European Union 1.11.2.2. Luxembourg 1.11.2.3. Malta 1.11.2.4. Netherlands 1.11.3. Asia 1.11.3.1. South Korea 1.12. December 1.12.1. International

Centre for Information Policy Leadership (CIPL), Legitimate Interests for Data in AI Training - The DPO Perspective, December 2025, accessible here;

​Centre for Information Policy Leadership (CIPL), Reconciling AI with the Data Minimization Principle: Bridging the Innovation and Privacy Gap, December 2025, accessible here;

World Economic Forum (WEF) & Cognizant, New Economy Skills: Building AI, Data and Digital Capabilities for Growth, December 2025, accessible here;

Andres Raieste et al., Government efficiency in the age of AI - Toward resilient and efficient digital democracies, Tartu Ülikool (University of Tartu), Nortal, October 2025, accessible here;

Maximilian Schons et al., The 2025 Peregrine Report - 208 Expert Proposals for Reducing AI Risk, Halcyon Futures, December 2025, accessible here;

Future of Life Institute (FLI), AI Safety Index, Winter 2025, December 2025, accessible here;

Lisa Abraham, Joshua Kavner, & Alvin Moon, A Prisoner’s Dilemma in the Race to Artificial General Intelligence, RAND, Research Report, December 2025, accessible here;

Sumaya Nur Adan et al., AI Benefit-Sharing Framework: Balancing Access and Safety, Oxford Martin AI Governance Initiative, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2. Europe 1.12.2.1. European Union

Danish Institute for Human Rights & European Center for Not-for-Profit Law Stichting, A Guide to Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment (FRIA), December 2025, accessible here;

Maximilian Negele et al., Europe and the geopolitics of AGI The need for a preparedness plan, RAND Europe, Centre for Future Generations (CFG), Oxford Martin AI Governance Initiative, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, December 2025, accessible here;

Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Serious Incidents: Predicting Impact of Fines, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act Providers of General Purpose AI Models: A Breakdown, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.2. United Kingdom

techUK, A Maturing AI Assurance Ecosystem: Sector Specific Applications, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.3. Spain

Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Spain: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.4. Romania

​Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Romania: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2.5. Slovakia

Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Slovakia: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;​

1.12.2.6. Slovenia

Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Slovenia: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;​

1.12.2.7. Poland

Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Poland: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.4. Asia 1.12.4.1. India

1.12.4.2. China

William C. Hannas et al., China’s Embodied AI: A Path to AGI, Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), December 2025, accessible here;

2. Reports, guidelines, recommendations and other documents published by regulatory and supervisory authorities, international organizations, and other public institutions and agencies 2.1. January 2.1.1. International

Paris AI Action Summit, Standardization for AI Environmental Sustainability, January 2025, accessible here;

2.3.1. International

Giacomo Persi Paoli & Yasmin Afina, AI in the Military Domain: A briefing note for States, United Nations, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), March 2025, accessible here;

2.9.4. SouthAmerica

2.9.4.1. Peru

Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros, Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial 2026-2030 ("National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2026-2030"), Perú 2026-2030, September 2025, accessible here;

2.9.5. Asia 2.9.5.1. Malaysia 2.9.5.2. India 2.9.5.3. Timor-Leste 2.9.6. Africa 2.9.6.1. Egypt 2.9.6.2. Ghana 2.10. October 2.10.1. International 2.10.2. Europe 2.10.2.1. European Union​

2.10.2.2. United Kingdom 2.10.2.3. Spain 2.10.2.4. Ireland 2.10.3. Asia 2.10.3.1. India 2.10.3.2. Vietnam 2.10.3.3. United Arab Emirates 2.10.4. Australia (& Oceania) 2.10.4.1. Australia

Jia-Urnn Lee et al., Governance in the Age of AI: Readiness and Responsible Leadership, Queensland Government, FrontierSI, October 2025, accessible here;

2.10.5. Africa 2.10.5.1. Botswana 2.11. November 2.11.1. International

World Bank Group, Digital Progress and Trends Report 2025: Strengthening AI Foundations, December 2025, accessible here;

World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU), Whitepaper: Navigating the Ethical Landscape of Artificial Intelligence in Credit Unions, November 2025, accessible here;

International Task Force on Teachers for Education 2030, Promoting and protecting teacher agency in the age of artificial intelligence, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.2. Europe 2.11.2.1. European Union

Arba Kokalari, Report on the impact of artificial intelligence on the financial sector (2025/2056(INI)), Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, European Parliament, November 2025, accessible here;

2.11.2.2. Portugal

2.11.2.3. Switzerland

2.11.3. North America 2.11.3.1. United States of America 2.11.4. South America 2.11.4.1. Equador

2.11.4.2. Chile

2.11.5. Asia 2.11.5.1. India 2.11.5.2. Singapore 2.11.5.3. Bangladesh

2.11.7. Africa 2.11.7.1. South Africa

Artificial Intelligence in the South African Financial Sector, FSCA South Africa, South African Reserve Bank, Nolwazi Hlophe & Lebogang Mabetha, November 2025, accessible here;

2.12. December 2.12.1. International

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), AI adoption by small and medium‑sized enterprises - OECD discussion paper for the G7, December 2025, accessible here;

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Guidance on AI and children - Updated guidance for governments and businesses to create AI policies and systems that uphold children’s rights, December 2025, accessible here;

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Harnessing Artificial Intelligence in Social Security - Use Cases, Governance and Workforce Readiness, December 2025, accessible here;

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), The Next Great Divergence - Why Al may widen inequality between countries, December 2025, accessible here;

Bas Testerink, Guidelines for developing Artificial Intelligence Strategies in Justice and Security, EL PAcCTO, December 2025, accessible here;

Juan David Gutiérrez, Guidelines for the use of AI systems in courts and tribunals, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), December 2025, accessible here;

Leonardo Gambacorta et al., Artificial intelligence and growth in advanced and emerging economies: short-run impact, Bank for International Settlements (BIS), BIS Working Papers no 1321, December 2025, accessible here;

AI Security Institute (AISI), Al Security Institute Frontier Al Trends Report, December 2025, accessible here;

Xiang-Li Lim, Puja Singh, & Richard Stobo, Regulatory Considerations Regarding Accelerated Use of AI in Securities Markets, International Monetary Fund (IMF), December 2025, accessible here;

AI Source Booklet:
Regulatory and policy developments
2025 Edition

A. Artificial intelligence (AI) & machine learning (ML)
1. Research conducted by individuals, companies, associations and universities
1.1. January
1.1.1. International

1.8.2. Europe
1.8.2.1. European Union
1.8.2.2. Czech Republic
1.8.2.3. Cyprus
1.8.2.4. Denmark
1.8.2.5. Estonia
1.9. September
1.9.1. International

1.9.2. Europe
1.9.2.1. European Union
1.9.2.2. Germany
1.9.2.3. France
1.9.2.4. Finland
1.9.2.5. Greece
1.9.2.6. Hungary
1.9.3. Asia
1.9.3.1. Japan
1.10. October
1.10.1. International

1.10.2. Europe
1.10.2.1. European Union
1.10.2.2. Italy
1.10.2.3. Ireland
1.10.2.4. Latvia
1.10.2.5. Lithuania
1.11. November
1.11.1. International

1.11.2. Europe
1.11.2.1. European Union
1.11.2.2. Luxembourg
1.11.2.3. Malta
1.11.2.4. Netherlands
1.11.3. Asia
1.11.3.1. South Korea
1.12. December
1.12.1. International

Centre for Information Policy Leadership (CIPL), Reconciling AI with the Data Minimization Principle: Bridging the Innovation and Privacy Gap, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.2. Europe
1.12.2.1. European Union

Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Romania: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Slovakia: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

Sean Musch et al., EU AI Act - Slovenia: AI Ecosystem Brief, AI & Partners, December 2025, accessible here;

1.12.4. Asia
1.12.4.1. India

2. Reports, guidelines, recommendations and other documents published by regulatory and supervisory authorities, international organizations, and other public institutions and agencies
2.1. January
2.1.1. International

2.9.5. Asia
2.9.5.1. Malaysia
2.9.5.2. India
2.9.5.3. Timor-Leste
2.9.6. Africa
2.9.6.1. Egypt
2.9.6.2. Ghana
2.10. October
2.10.1. International
2.10.2. Europe
2.10.2.1. European Union

2.10.2.2. United Kingdom
2.10.2.3. Spain
2.10.2.4. Ireland
2.10.3. Asia
2.10.3.1. India
2.10.3.2. Vietnam
2.10.3.3. United Arab Emirates
2.10.4. Australia (& Oceania)
2.10.4.1. Australia

2.10.5. Africa
2.10.5.1. Botswana
2.11. November
2.11.1. International

2.11.2. Europe
2.11.2.1. European Union

2.11.3. North America
2.11.3.1. United States of America
2.11.4. South America
2.11.4.1. Equador

2.11.5. Asia
2.11.5.1. India
2.11.5.2. Singapore
2.11.5.3. Bangladesh

2.11.7. Africa
2.11.7.1. South Africa

2.12. December
2.12.1. International

2.12.2. Europe
2.12.2.1. European Union

2.12.4. Asia
2.12.4.1. South Korea

2.12.5. Australia (& Oceania)
2.12.5.1. Australia

3.5.1. Europe
3.5.1.1. European Union

3.5.2. North America
3.5.2.1. United States of America

2.11. December
2.11.1. International

2.11.2.1. Italy

2.10.2. Australia (& Oceania)
2.10.2.1. Australia

2.11. December
2.11.1. International

2.11.2. Europe
2.11.2.1. European Union

Naja Bentzen, Information manipulation in the age of generative artificial intelligence, European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), European Parliament, December 2025, accessible here;

4.5. October
4.5.1. North America
4.5.1.1. United States of America

1.10. November
1.10.1. International

Sam Ransbotham et al., The Emerging Agentic Enterprise: How Leaders Must Navigate a New Age of AI, MIT Sloan Management Review, Boston Consulting Group (BCG), Big Ideas Research Report, November 2025, accessible here;